December 2009 - Alsa-devel - mailman.alsa-project.org

[alsa-devel] ALSA 1.0.22 release
by Jaroslav Kysela 17 Dec '09

17 Dec '09

Hello all, the ALSA 1.0.22 packages (except alsa-oss and alsa-firmware) are available for download at http://www.alsa-project.org . The changes are listed in this URL: http://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/Changes_v1.0.21_v1.0.22 Jaroslav Kysela ----- Jaroslav Kysela <perex(a)perex.cz> Linux Kernel Sound Maintainer ALSA Project, Red Hat, Inc.

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[alsa-devel] [PATCH 2/2] ALSA: pcm - specify amount of data needed in wait_for_avail_min
by jassisinghbrar＠gmail.com 17 Dec '09

17 Dec '09

From: Jassi Brar <jassi.brar(a)samsung.com> For better accuracy, make the waiting time more specific. That helps avoiding users of wait_for_avail_min(i.e, snd_pcm_lib_write1/read1) to wait until atleast avail_min amount is available, whereas all that might be needed is just 1 frame(for example). Since the waiting is not for avail_min, the name has been changed to reflect that. The users of the new function are also updated to pass exact minimum data needed. Signed-off-by: Jassi Brar <jassi.brar(a)samsung.com> --- sound/core/pcm_lib.c | 12 +++++++----- 1 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/sound/core/pcm_lib.c b/sound/core/pcm_lib.c index ee2d7b9..4a92804 100644 --- a/sound/core/pcm_lib.c +++ b/sound/core/pcm_lib.c @@ -1664,12 +1664,12 @@ void snd_pcm_period_elapsed(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) EXPORT_SYMBOL(snd_pcm_period_elapsed); /* - * Wait until avail_min data becomes available + * Wait until atleast the requested amount(*availp) of data becomes available * Returns a negative error code if any error occurs during operation. * The available space is stored on availp. When err = 0 and avail = 0 * on the capture stream, it indicates the stream is in DRAINING state. */ -static int wait_for_avail_min(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, +static int wait_for_min(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, snd_pcm_uframes_t *availp) { struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime; @@ -1719,7 +1719,7 @@ static int wait_for_avail_min(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, avail = snd_pcm_playback_avail(runtime); else avail = snd_pcm_capture_avail(runtime); - if (avail >= runtime->control->avail_min) + if (avail >= *availp) break; } _endloop: @@ -1794,7 +1794,8 @@ static snd_pcm_sframes_t snd_pcm_lib_write1(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, err = -EAGAIN; goto _end_unlock; } - err = wait_for_avail_min(substream, &avail); + avail = size; + err = wait_for_min(substream, &avail); if (err < 0) goto _end_unlock; } @@ -2016,7 +2017,8 @@ static snd_pcm_sframes_t snd_pcm_lib_read1(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, err = -EAGAIN; goto _end_unlock; } - err = wait_for_avail_min(substream, &avail); + avail = size; + err = wait_for_min(substream, &avail); if (err < 0) goto _end_unlock; if (!avail) -- 1.6.2.5

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[alsa-devel] build alsa-tools using static alsa lib? linux2.6.28+marvell littleton
by 王剑 17 Dec '09

17 Dec '09

alsa-develHello everybody: i couldnot build alsa-tools, see as follows, could anybody help me, thanks! question : a@a-desktop:~/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools$ make arm-linux-gcc -I/home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21/pxalinux/../../2009WW21_build//src/preview-kit/linux/include -I/home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21/pxalinux/../../2009WW21_build//rel/host/include -L/home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21/pxalinux/../../2009WW21_build//rel/host/lib -L/home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21/pxalinux/../../2009WW21_build//rel/target/rootfs/lib -g -Waggregate-return -Wmissing-noreturn -W -Wall -mcpu=iwmmxt -mtune=iwmmxt -mabi=aapcs-linux -I/home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21/pxalinux/../../2009WW21_build//rel/host/include -static -L/home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21/pxalinux/../../2009WW21_build//rel/host/include -lasound control.c -o control control.c: In function 'main': control.c:72: warning: function call has aggregate value /tmp/ccIFwS0o.o: In function `main': /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:15: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_card_info_sizeof' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:15: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_card_info_sizeof' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:16: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_sizeof' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:16: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_sizeof' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:17: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_sizeof' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:17: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_sizeof' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:21: undefined reference to `snd_card_next' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:22: undefined reference to `snd_strerror' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:28: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_open' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:29: undefined reference to `snd_strerror' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:32: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_card_info' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:33: undefined reference to `snd_strerror' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:37: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_card_info_get_card' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:38: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_card_info_get_id' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:39: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_card_info_get_driver' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:40: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_card_info_get_name' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:41: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_card_info_get_longname' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:42: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_card_info_get_mixername' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:43: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_card_info_get_components' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:47: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_pcm_next_device' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:48: undefined reference to `snd_strerror' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:53: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_set_device' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:54: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_set_subdevice' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:55: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_set_stream' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:56: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_pcm_info' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:57: undefined reference to `snd_strerror' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:61: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_device' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:62: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_subdevice' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:63: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_stream' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:64: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_card' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:65: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_id' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:66: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_name' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:67: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_subdevice_name' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:68: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_class' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:69: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_subclass' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:70: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_subdevices_count' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:71: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_subdevices_avail' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:72: undefined reference to `snd_pcm_info_get_sync' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:77: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_rawmidi_next_device' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:78: undefined reference to `snd_strerror' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:83: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_set_device' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:84: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_set_subdevice' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:85: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_set_stream' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:86: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_rawmidi_info' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:87: undefined reference to `snd_strerror' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:91: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_get_device' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:92: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_get_subdevice' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:93: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_get_stream' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:94: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_get_card' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:95: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_get_flags' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:96: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_get_id' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:97: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_get_name' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:98: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_get_subdevice_name' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:99: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_get_subdevices_count' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:100: undefined reference to `snd_rawmidi_info_get_subdevices_avail' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:102: undefined reference to `snd_ctl_close' /home/a/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools/control.c:105: undefined reference to `snd_config_update_free_global' collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make: *** [control] 错误 1 a@a-desktop:~/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools$ conditions: 1.Had added one line in Makefile of alsa-tools directory: a@a-desktop:~/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-tools$ vim Makefile LDFLAGS=-static 2.Had modified Makefile of directory: a@a-desktop:~/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-lib$ vim Makefile ./configure --prefix=$(PXA_HOST_DIR) --enable-static=yes 3.after make alsa-lib, generated libasound.a a@a-desktop:~/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/src/preview-kit/alsa-lib$ make a@a-desktop:~/NMS/kernel/2009WW21_build/rel/host/lib$ ls libasound.a and so on. Best regards! Wangjian --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Confidentiality Notice: The information contained in this e-mail and any accompanying attachment(s) is intended only for the use of the intended recipient and may be confidential and/or privileged of Neusoft Corporation, its subsidiaries and/or its affiliates. If any reader of this communication is not the intended recipient, unauthorized use, forwarding, printing, storing, disclosure or copying is strictly prohibited, and may be unlawful.If you have received this communication in error,please immediately notify the sender by return e-mail, and delete the original message and all copies from your system. Thank you. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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[alsa-devel] CELF Project Proposal - ALSA scenario/use case support
by Liam Girdwood 16 Dec '09

16 Dec '09

Summary: Complete ALSA hardware scenario/use case support in alsa-lib and salsa-lib Proposer: Liam Girdwood Description: Modern mobile devices are increasingly required to provide a rich set of audio functionality required by today's applications. ALSA currently lacks a portable and high level API to configure audio hardware function and signal routing. e.g. there is no portable method atm to configure the audio hardware to make a "handset gsm phone call" or "handset voip phone call", etc. This purpose of this project would be to complete the ALSA scenario manager API and get it accepted upstream in alsa-lib and salsa-lib. The code is nearly ready for upstream, with some work required on it's file format as the main piece of outstanding work. More Info: ** http://www.slimlogic.co.uk/?p=40 API header: http://git.alsa-project.org/?p=alsa-lib.git;a=blob;f=include/ascenario.h;h=… Development branch now hosted as alsa-lib branch here :- ** http://git.alsa-project.org/?p=alsa-lib.git;a=shortlog;h=ascenario Scope: This project will probably take between 2 - 4 weeks. Thanks Liam

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[alsa-devel] [PATCH] Fix disable of SPDIF on STAC9766 codec
by Jon Smirl 16 Dec '09

16 Dec '09

Change code so that switching to playing music through the analog output disables SPDIF out instead of disabling it when stream ends. Signed-off-by: Jon Smirl <jonsmirl(a)gmail.com> --- sound/soc/codecs/stac9766.c | 18 +----------------- 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/sound/soc/codecs/stac9766.c b/sound/soc/codecs/stac9766.c index bbc72c2..81b8c9d 100644 --- a/sound/soc/codecs/stac9766.c +++ b/sound/soc/codecs/stac9766.c @@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ static int ac97_analog_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, vra = stac9766_ac97_read(codec, AC97_EXTENDED_STATUS); vra |= 0x1; /* enable variable rate audio */ + vra &= ~0x4; /* disable SPDIF output */ stac9766_ac97_write(codec, AC97_EXTENDED_STATUS, vra); @@ -221,22 +222,6 @@ static int ac97_digital_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, return stac9766_ac97_write(codec, reg, runtime->rate); } -static int ac97_digital_trigger(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, - int cmd, struct snd_soc_dai *dai) -{ - struct snd_soc_codec *codec = dai->codec; - unsigned short vra; - - switch (cmd) { - case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_STOP: - vra = stac9766_ac97_read(codec, AC97_EXTENDED_STATUS); - vra &= !0x04; - stac9766_ac97_write(codec, AC97_EXTENDED_STATUS, vra); - break; - } - return 0; -} - static int stac9766_set_bias_level(struct snd_soc_codec *codec, enum snd_soc_bias_level level) { @@ -315,7 +300,6 @@ static struct snd_soc_dai_ops stac9766_dai_ops_analog = { static struct snd_soc_dai_ops stac9766_dai_ops_digital = { .prepare = ac97_digital_prepare, - .trigger = ac97_digital_trigger, }; struct snd_soc_dai stac9766_dai[] = {

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[alsa-devel] poll events?
by pl bossart 16 Dec '09

16 Dec '09

I am trying to understand what the expected behavior of poll() is in audio applications. I am using the pcm.c test app from alsa-lib with the following parameters. ./pcm -Dhw -c2 -r48000 -f440 --method write_and_poll The output looks like this: snd_pcm_dump(): Hardware PCM card 0 'Intel ICH6' device 0 subdevice 0 Its setup is: stream : PLAYBACK access : RW_INTERLEAVED format : S16_LE subformat : STD channels : 2 rate : 48000 exact rate : 48000 (48000/1) msbits : 16 buffer_size : 16384 period_size : 8192 period_time : 170666 tstamp_mode : NONE period_step : 1 avail_min : 8192 period_event : 0 start_threshold : 16384 stop_threshold : 16384 silence_threshold: 0 silence_size : 0 boundary : 1073741824 appl_ptr : 0 hw_ptr : 0 Now I instrumented the code in sound/core/pcm_native.c to show what events are returned by snd_pcm_playback_poll(), and I get the following pattern: [ 176.062986] ALSA: poll event POLLOUT|POLLWRNORM, avail 8193 avail_min 8192 [ 176.066630] ALSA: null poll event, avail 175 avail_min 8192 [ 176.233739] ALSA: poll event POLLOUT|POLLWRNORM, avail 8193 avail_min 8192 [ 176.237399] ALSA: null poll event, avail 176 avail_min 8192 [ 176.404503] ALSA: poll event POLLOUT|POLLWRNORM, avail 8193 avail_min 8192 [ 176.407652] ALSA: null poll event, avail 152 avail_min 8192 [ 176.575257] ALSA: poll event POLLOUT|POLLWRNORM, avail 8193 avail_min 8192 [ 176.578995] ALSA: null poll event, avail 180 avail_min 8192 [ 176.745999] ALSA: poll event POLLOUT|POLLWRNORM, avail 8193 avail_min 8192 [ 176.749663] ALSA: null poll event, avail 176 avail_min 8192 [ 176.916750] ALSA: poll event POLLOUT|POLLWRNORM, avail 8193 avail_min 8192 [ 176.919893] ALSA: null poll event, avail 151 avail_min 8192 It looks like I am getting additional wakeups from poll instead of waiting for a complete period. Is this supposed to be ok or is there something broken here? My expectation is that the hardware would only generate interrupts when a period has elapsed, i.e avail>=avail_min. The delta shown in dmesg between two POLLOUT events matches the period duration of 171 ms, I don't understand what generates these additional null events. Am I missing something? Thanks for your help. - Pierre

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[alsa-devel] Another 2.6.33 ASoC fix
by Mark Brown 15 Dec '09

15 Dec '09

The following changes since commit bc2580061e42c323d7777029f01318f395edac0d: Julia Lawall (1): ASoC: Correct code taking the size of a pointer are available in the git repository at: git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/sound-2.6.git for-2.6.33 Kuninori Morimoto (1): ASoC: ak4642: Add default return value in ak4642_modinit sound/soc/codecs/ak4642.c | 2 +- 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)

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[alsa-devel] [PATCH v2] ASoC: ak4642: Add default return value in ak4642_modinit
by Kuninori Morimoto 15 Dec '09

15 Dec '09

If ak4642 driver was compiled without I2C configs, ak4642_modinit return value will become un-stable. This patch modify this bug Reported-by: Magnus Damm <damm(a)opensource.se> Signed-off-by: Kuninori Morimoto <morimoto.kuninori(a)renesas.com> --- v1 -> v2 o modify Magnus's email address So sorry ... sound/soc/codecs/ak4642.c | 2 +- 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-) diff --git a/sound/soc/codecs/ak4642.c b/sound/soc/codecs/ak4642.c index b69861d..3ef16bb 100644 --- a/sound/soc/codecs/ak4642.c +++ b/sound/soc/codecs/ak4642.c @@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(soc_codec_dev_ak4642); static int __init ak4642_modinit(void) { - int ret; + int ret = 0; #if defined(CONFIG_I2C) || defined(CONFIG_I2C_MODULE) ret = i2c_add_driver(&ak4642_i2c_driver); #endif -- 1.6.3.3

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[alsa-devel] X-Fi Notebook express card
by The Source 15 Dec '09

15 Dec '09

Sorry for asking it here, but alsa-user mailing list is not responding. Has anyone tested yet if this card is supported? (not extreme audio, just X-Fi Notebook)

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Re: [alsa-devel] [PATCH fixed bug 4032 1/1] Fixed bug 4032.
by Takashi Iwai 15 Dec '09

15 Dec '09

At Mon, 14 Dec 2009 13:49:33 -0700, Steve Soule wrote: > > On 12/14/2009 12:01 PM, Takashi Iwai wrote: > > At Mon, 14 Dec 2009 11:41:55 -0700, > > Steve Soule wrote: > >> > >> >From c3387a767f827f57a6b1f6b772d3d7a1b6b39942 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 > >> From: Steve Soule <sts11dbxr(a)gmail.com> > >> Date: Mon, 14 Dec 2009 11:06:03 -0700 > >> Subject: [PATCH fixed bug 4032 1/1] Fixed bug 4032. > >> > >> > >> Signed-off-by: Steve Soule <sts11dbxr(a)gmail.com> > > > > Could you give a bit more changelog text? > > It's not sure what bug 4032 indicates, and more importantly, why this > > change is needed for fixing what. > > Okay. Here is a thorough changelog: > > This is a fix of a bug in ac97_codec.c. This bug has existed for many > years in many versions of alsa and versions of the kernel. The bug > appears with a Soundblaster 16PCI sound card. With this card, sometimes > the driver works correctly, and sometimes it doesn't. When it doesn't > work correctly, the driver prints the error message: > > AC'97 0 analog subsections not ready > > and fails to detect the complete set of sound controls. In particular, > the driver fails to detect the "Master Playback Volume" control, and so > the sound card volume level is arbitrary--usually very low. > > As far as I can tell, the problem is in the function snd_ac97_mixer() in > ac97_codec.c, in the lines immediately before the error message is > printed. These lines appear to be waiting for the card to come out of > powerdown mode. If the card does not come up within a timeout, the > error message is printed, and the controls are not detected correctly. > > The timeout in the latest version is 120 ms (though it was 100 ms when I > first reported this bug a year and a half ago). I experimented with > different timeout values, and found that 1 second was not sufficient, > and that 5 seconds is sufficient. Hrm, usually 1 second is really long enough for any operations. And 5 seconds is already a history since genesis. If it takes so long, something other is fishy. Although extending the timeout would be relatively harmless, I still don't think this is the point to fix. More likely the problem is in the codec accessor side... thanks, Takashi

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