[PATCH 00/53] Get rid of UTF-8 chars that can be mapped as ASCII
There are several UTF-8 characters at the Kernel's documentation.
Several of them were due to the process of converting files from DocBook, LaTeX, HTML and Markdown. They were probably introduced by the conversion tools used on that time.
Other UTF-8 characters were added along the time, but they're easily replaceable by ASCII chars.
As Linux developers are all around the globe, and not everybody has UTF-8 as their default charset, better to use UTF-8 only on cases where it is really needed.
The first 3 patches on this series were manually written, in order to solve a few special cases.
The remaining patches on series address such cases on *.rst files and inside the Documentation/ABI, using this perl map table in order to do the charset conversion:
my %char_map = ( 0x2010 => '-', # HYPHEN 0xad => '-', # SOFT HYPHEN 0x2013 => '-', # EN DASH 0x2014 => '-', # EM DASH
0x2018 => "'", # LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK 0x2019 => "'", # RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK 0xb4 => "'", # ACUTE ACCENT
0x201c => '"', # LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK 0x201d => '"', # RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
0x2212 => '-', # MINUS SIGN 0x2217 => '*', # ASTERISK OPERATOR 0xd7 => 'x', # MULTIPLICATION SIGN
0xbb => '>', # RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
0xa0 => ' ', # NO-BREAK SPACE 0xfeff => '', # ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE );
After the conversion, those UTF-8 chars will be kept:
- U+00a9 ('©'): COPYRIGHT SIGN - U+00ac ('¬'): NOT SIGN # only at Documentation/powerpc/transactional_memory.rst - U+00ae ('®'): REGISTERED SIGN - U+00b0 ('°'): DEGREE SIGN - U+00b1 ('±'): PLUS-MINUS SIGN - U+00b2 ('²'): SUPERSCRIPT TWO - U+00b5 ('µ'): MICRO SIGN - U+00b7 ('·'): MIDDLE DOT # See below - U+00bd ('½'): VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF - U+00c7 ('Ç'): LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA - U+00df ('ß'): LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S - U+00e1 ('á'): LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE - U+00e4 ('ä'): LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS - U+00e6 ('æ'): LATIN SMALL LETTER AE - U+00e7 ('ç'): LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA - U+00e9 ('é'): LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE - U+00ea ('ê'): LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX - U+00eb ('ë'): LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS - U+00f3 ('ó'): LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE - U+00f4 ('ô'): LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX - U+00f6 ('ö'): LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS - U+00f8 ('ø'): LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE - U+00fa ('ú'): LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE - U+00fc ('ü'): LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS - U+00fd ('ý'): LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE - U+011f ('ğ'): LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE - U+0142 ('ł'): LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE - U+03bc ('μ'): GREEK SMALL LETTER MU - U+2026 ('…'): HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS - U+2122 ('™'): TRADE MARK SIGN - U+2191 ('↑'): UPWARDS ARROW - U+2192 ('→'): RIGHTWARDS ARROW - U+2193 ('↓'): DOWNWARDS ARROW - U+2264 ('≤'): LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO - U+2265 ('≥'): GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO - U+2500 ('─'): BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL - U+2502 ('│'): BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL - U+2514 ('└'): BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND RIGHT - U+251c ('├'): BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND RIGHT - U+2b0d ('⬍'): UP DOWN BLACK ARROW
PS.: maintainers were bcc on patch 00/53, in order to reduce the risk of patch 00 to be rejected by list servers.
-
For U+00b7 ('·'): MIDDLE DOT, I opted to keep it on a few places:
- Documentation/devicetree/bindings/clock/qcom,rpmcc.txt
As this file will be some day converted to yaml, where the MIDDLE DOT will be removed, I guess it is not worth touching it.
- Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.rst
There, it is used on a math expressions. So, better to keep.
- Documentation/devicetree/bindings/media/video-interface-devices.yaml
There, it part of an ASCII artwork.
- translations/zh_CN
I prefer not touching it, as it might have some special meaning in Simplified Chinese.
Mauro Carvalho Chehab (53): docs: cdrom-standard.rst: get rid of uneeded UTF-8 chars docs: ABI: remove a meaningless UTF-8 character docs: ABI: remove some spurious characters docs: index.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: hwmon: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: admin-guide: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: admin-guide: media: ipu3.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: admin-guide: sysctl: kernel.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: admin-guide: perf: imx-ddr.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: admin-guide: pm: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: trace: coresight: coresight-etm4x-reference.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: driver-api: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: driver-api: fpga: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: driver-api: iio: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: driver-api: thermal: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: driver-api: media: drivers: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: driver-api: firmware: other_interfaces.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: driver-api: nvdimm: btt.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: fault-injection: nvme-fault-injection.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: usb: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: process: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: block: data-integrity.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: userspace-api: media: fdl-appendix.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: userspace-api: media: v4l: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: userspace-api: media: dvb: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: vm: zswap.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: filesystems: f2fs.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: filesystems: ext4: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: kernel-hacking: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: hid: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: security: tpm: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: security: keys: trusted-encrypted.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: riscv: vm-layout.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: networking: scaling.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: networking: devlink: devlink-dpipe.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: networking: device_drivers: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: x86: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: scheduler: sched-deadline.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: dev-tools: testing-overview.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: power: powercap: powercap.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: ABI: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: doc-guide: contributing.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: PCI: acpi-info.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: gpu: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: sound: kernel-api: writing-an-alsa-driver.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: arm64: arm-acpi.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: infiniband: tag_matching.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: timers: no_hz.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: misc-devices: ibmvmc.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: firmware-guide: acpi: lpit.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: firmware-guide: acpi: dsd: graph.rst: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: virt: kvm: avoid using UTF-8 chars docs: RCU: avoid using UTF-8 chars
.../obsolete/sysfs-kernel-fadump_registered | 2 +- .../obsolete/sysfs-kernel-fadump_release_mem | 2 +- ...sfs-class-chromeos-driver-cros-ec-lightbar | 2 +- .../ABI/testing/sysfs-class-net-cdc_ncm | 2 +- .../ABI/testing/sysfs-devices-platform-ipmi | 2 +- .../testing/sysfs-devices-platform-trackpoint | 2 +- Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-devices-soc | 4 +- Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-module | 4 +- Documentation/PCI/acpi-info.rst | 26 +- .../Data-Structures/Data-Structures.rst | 52 ++-- .../Expedited-Grace-Periods.rst | 40 +-- .../Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.rst | 10 +- .../RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.rst | 126 ++++----- Documentation/admin-guide/index.rst | 2 +- Documentation/admin-guide/media/ipu3.rst | 2 +- Documentation/admin-guide/module-signing.rst | 4 +- Documentation/admin-guide/perf/imx-ddr.rst | 2 +- Documentation/admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.rst | 4 +- Documentation/admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.rst | 4 +- Documentation/admin-guide/ras.rst | 94 +++---- .../admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst | 12 +- Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst | 2 +- Documentation/arm64/arm-acpi.rst | 8 +- Documentation/block/data-integrity.rst | 2 +- Documentation/cdrom/cdrom-standard.rst | 30 +-- Documentation/dev-tools/testing-overview.rst | 4 +- Documentation/doc-guide/contributing.rst | 2 +- .../driver-api/firmware/other_interfaces.rst | 2 +- Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-bridge.rst | 10 +- Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-mgr.rst | 12 +- .../driver-api/fpga/fpga-programming.rst | 8 +- Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-region.rst | 20 +- Documentation/driver-api/iio/buffers.rst | 8 +- Documentation/driver-api/iio/hw-consumer.rst | 10 +- .../driver-api/iio/triggered-buffers.rst | 6 +- Documentation/driver-api/iio/triggers.rst | 10 +- Documentation/driver-api/index.rst | 2 +- Documentation/driver-api/ioctl.rst | 8 +- .../media/drivers/sh_mobile_ceu_camera.rst | 8 +- .../driver-api/media/drivers/vidtv.rst | 4 +- .../driver-api/media/drivers/zoran.rst | 2 +- Documentation/driver-api/nvdimm/btt.rst | 2 +- .../driver-api/thermal/cpu-idle-cooling.rst | 14 +- .../driver-api/thermal/intel_powerclamp.rst | 6 +- .../thermal/x86_pkg_temperature_thermal.rst | 2 +- .../fault-injection/nvme-fault-injection.rst | 2 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/attributes.rst | 20 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/bigalloc.rst | 6 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/blockgroup.rst | 8 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/blocks.rst | 2 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/directory.rst | 16 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/eainode.rst | 2 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/inlinedata.rst | 6 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/inodes.rst | 6 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/journal.rst | 8 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/mmp.rst | 2 +- .../filesystems/ext4/special_inodes.rst | 4 +- Documentation/filesystems/ext4/super.rst | 10 +- Documentation/filesystems/f2fs.rst | 6 +- .../firmware-guide/acpi/dsd/graph.rst | 2 +- Documentation/firmware-guide/acpi/lpit.rst | 2 +- Documentation/gpu/i915.rst | 2 +- Documentation/gpu/komeda-kms.rst | 2 +- Documentation/hid/hid-sensor.rst | 70 ++--- Documentation/hid/intel-ish-hid.rst | 246 +++++++++--------- Documentation/hwmon/ir36021.rst | 2 +- Documentation/hwmon/ltc2992.rst | 2 +- Documentation/hwmon/pm6764tr.rst | 2 +- Documentation/hwmon/tmp103.rst | 4 +- Documentation/index.rst | 4 +- Documentation/infiniband/tag_matching.rst | 8 +- Documentation/kernel-hacking/hacking.rst | 2 +- Documentation/kernel-hacking/locking.rst | 2 +- Documentation/misc-devices/ibmvmc.rst | 8 +- .../device_drivers/ethernet/intel/i40e.rst | 12 +- .../device_drivers/ethernet/intel/iavf.rst | 6 +- .../device_drivers/ethernet/netronome/nfp.rst | 12 +- .../networking/devlink/devlink-dpipe.rst | 2 +- Documentation/networking/scaling.rst | 18 +- Documentation/power/powercap/powercap.rst | 210 +++++++-------- Documentation/process/code-of-conduct.rst | 2 +- .../process/kernel-enforcement-statement.rst | 2 +- Documentation/riscv/vm-layout.rst | 2 +- Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.rst | 4 +- .../security/keys/trusted-encrypted.rst | 4 +- Documentation/security/tpm/tpm_event_log.rst | 2 +- Documentation/security/tpm/xen-tpmfront.rst | 2 +- .../kernel-api/writing-an-alsa-driver.rst | 68 ++--- Documentation/timers/no_hz.rst | 2 +- .../coresight/coresight-etm4x-reference.rst | 16 +- Documentation/usb/ehci.rst | 2 +- Documentation/usb/gadget_printer.rst | 2 +- Documentation/usb/mass-storage.rst | 36 +-- Documentation/usb/mtouchusb.rst | 2 +- Documentation/usb/usb-serial.rst | 2 +- .../media/dvb/audio-set-bypass-mode.rst | 2 +- .../userspace-api/media/dvb/audio.rst | 2 +- .../userspace-api/media/dvb/dmx-fopen.rst | 2 +- .../userspace-api/media/dvb/dmx-fread.rst | 2 +- .../media/dvb/dmx-set-filter.rst | 2 +- .../userspace-api/media/dvb/intro.rst | 6 +- .../userspace-api/media/dvb/video.rst | 2 +- .../userspace-api/media/fdl-appendix.rst | 64 ++--- .../userspace-api/media/v4l/biblio.rst | 8 +- .../userspace-api/media/v4l/crop.rst | 16 +- .../userspace-api/media/v4l/dev-decoder.rst | 6 +- .../userspace-api/media/v4l/diff-v4l.rst | 2 +- .../userspace-api/media/v4l/open.rst | 2 +- .../media/v4l/vidioc-cropcap.rst | 4 +- Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst | 28 +- .../virt/kvm/running-nested-guests.rst | 12 +- Documentation/vm/zswap.rst | 4 +- Documentation/x86/resctrl.rst | 2 +- Documentation/x86/sgx.rst | 4 +- 114 files changed, 807 insertions(+), 807 deletions(-)
While UTF-8 characters can be used at the Linux documentation, the best is to use them only when ASCII doesn't offer a good replacement. So, replace the occurences of the following UTF-8 characters:
- U+00a0 (' '): NO-BREAK SPACE - U+201c ('“'): LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK - U+201d ('”'): RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab mchehab+huawei@kernel.org --- .../kernel-api/writing-an-alsa-driver.rst | 68 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/kernel-api/writing-an-alsa-driver.rst b/Documentation/sound/kernel-api/writing-an-alsa-driver.rst index e6365836fa8b..201ced3bba6e 100644 --- a/Documentation/sound/kernel-api/writing-an-alsa-driver.rst +++ b/Documentation/sound/kernel-api/writing-an-alsa-driver.rst @@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ Management of Cards and Components Card Instance -------------
-For each soundcard, a “card” record must be allocated. +For each soundcard, a "card" record must be allocated.
A card record is the headquarters of the soundcard. It manages the whole list of devices (components) on the soundcard, such as PCM, mixers, @@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ The role of destructor is simple: disable the hardware (if already activated) and release the resources. So far, we have no hardware part, so the disabling code is not written here.
-To release the resources, the “check-and-release” method is a safer way. +To release the resources, the "check-and-release" method is a safer way. For the interrupt, do like this:
:: @@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ record:
The ``probe`` and ``remove`` functions have already been defined in the previous sections. The ``name`` field is the name string of this -device. Note that you must not use a slash “/” in this string. +device. Note that you must not use a slash "/" in this string.
And at last, the module entries:
@@ -1692,8 +1692,8 @@ Typically, you'll have a hardware descriptor as below:
The other possible flags are ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE`` and ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME``. The ``PAUSE`` bit means that the pcm - supports the “pause” operation, while the ``RESUME`` bit means that - the pcm supports the full “suspend/resume” operation. If the + supports the "pause" operation, while the ``RESUME`` bit means that + the pcm supports the full "suspend/resume" operation. If the ``PAUSE`` flag is set, the ``trigger`` callback below must handle the corresponding (pause push/release) commands. The suspend/resume trigger commands can be defined even without the ``RESUME`` @@ -1731,7 +1731,7 @@ Typically, you'll have a hardware descriptor as below: ``periods_min`` define the maximum and minimum number of periods in the buffer.
- The “period” is a term that corresponds to a fragment in the OSS + The "period" is a term that corresponds to a fragment in the OSS world. The period defines the size at which a PCM interrupt is generated. This size strongly depends on the hardware. Generally, the smaller period size will give you more interrupts, that is, @@ -1756,7 +1756,7 @@ application. This field contains the enum value ``SNDRV_PCM_FORMAT_XXX``.
One thing to be noted is that the configured buffer and period sizes -are stored in “frames” in the runtime. In the ALSA world, ``1 frame = +are stored in "frames" in the runtime. In the ALSA world, ``1 frame = channels * samples-size``. For conversion between frames and bytes, you can use the :c:func:`frames_to_bytes()` and :c:func:`bytes_to_frames()` helper functions. @@ -1999,7 +1999,7 @@ prepare callback
static int snd_xxx_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream);
-This callback is called when the pcm is “prepared”. You can set the +This callback is called when the pcm is "prepared". You can set the format type, sample rate, etc. here. The difference from ``hw_params`` is that the ``prepare`` callback will be called each time :c:func:`snd_pcm_prepare()` is called, i.e. when recovering after @@ -2436,8 +2436,8 @@ size is aligned with the period size.
The hw constraint is a very much powerful mechanism to define the preferred PCM configuration, and there are relevant helpers. -I won't give more details here, rather I would like to say, “Luke, use -the source.” +I won't give more details here, rather I would like to say, "Luke, use +the source."
Control Interface ================= @@ -2518,50 +2518,50 @@ Control Names -------------
There are some standards to define the control names. A control is -usually defined from the three parts as “SOURCE DIRECTION FUNCTION”. +usually defined from the three parts as "SOURCE DIRECTION FUNCTION".
The first, ``SOURCE``, specifies the source of the control, and is a -string such as “Master”, “PCM”, “CD” and “Line”. There are many +string such as "Master", "PCM", "CD" and "Line". There are many pre-defined sources.
The second, ``DIRECTION``, is one of the following strings according to -the direction of the control: “Playback”, “Capture”, “Bypass Playback” -and “Bypass Capture”. Or, it can be omitted, meaning both playback and +the direction of the control: "Playback", "Capture", "Bypass Playback" +and "Bypass Capture". Or, it can be omitted, meaning both playback and capture directions.
The third, ``FUNCTION``, is one of the following strings according to -the function of the control: “Switch”, “Volume” and “Route”. +the function of the control: "Switch", "Volume" and "Route".
-The example of control names are, thus, “Master Capture Switch” or “PCM -Playback Volume”. +The example of control names are, thus, "Master Capture Switch" or "PCM +Playback Volume".
There are some exceptions:
Global capture and playback ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-“Capture Source”, “Capture Switch” and “Capture Volume” are used for the -global capture (input) source, switch and volume. Similarly, “Playback -Switch” and “Playback Volume” are used for the global output gain switch +"Capture Source", "Capture Switch" and "Capture Volume" are used for the +global capture (input) source, switch and volume. Similarly, "Playback +Switch" and "Playback Volume" are used for the global output gain switch and volume.
Tone-controls ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-tone-control switch and volumes are specified like “Tone Control - XXX”, -e.g. “Tone Control - Switch”, “Tone Control - Bass”, “Tone Control - -Center”. +tone-control switch and volumes are specified like "Tone Control - XXX", +e.g. "Tone Control - Switch", "Tone Control - Bass", "Tone Control - +Center".
3D controls ~~~~~~~~~~~
-3D-control switches and volumes are specified like “3D Control - XXX”, -e.g. “3D Control - Switch”, “3D Control - Center”, “3D Control - Space”. +3D-control switches and volumes are specified like "3D Control - XXX", +e.g. "3D Control - Switch", "3D Control - Center", "3D Control - Space".
Mic boost ~~~~~~~~~
-Mic-boost switch is set as “Mic Boost” or “Mic Boost (6dB)”. +Mic-boost switch is set as "Mic Boost" or "Mic Boost (6dB)".
More precise information can be found in ``Documentation/sound/designs/control-names.rst``. @@ -3368,7 +3368,7 @@ This ensures that the device can be closed and the driver unloaded without losing data.
This callback is optional. If you do not set ``drain`` in the struct -snd_rawmidi_ops structure, ALSA will simply wait for 50 milliseconds +snd_rawmidi_ops structure, ALSA will simply wait for 50 milliseconds instead.
Miscellaneous Devices @@ -3506,20 +3506,20 @@ fixed as 4 bytes array (value.iec958.status[x]). For the ``info`` callback, you don't specify the value field for this type (the count field must be set, though).
-“IEC958 Playback Con Mask” is used to return the bit-mask for the IEC958 -status bits of consumer mode. Similarly, “IEC958 Playback Pro Mask” +"IEC958 Playback Con Mask" is used to return the bit-mask for the IEC958 +status bits of consumer mode. Similarly, "IEC958 Playback Pro Mask" returns the bitmask for professional mode. They are read-only controls, and are defined as MIXER controls (iface = ``SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER``).
-Meanwhile, “IEC958 Playback Default” control is defined for getting and +Meanwhile, "IEC958 Playback Default" control is defined for getting and setting the current default IEC958 bits. Note that this one is usually defined as a PCM control (iface = ``SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM``), although in some places it's defined as a MIXER control.
In addition, you can define the control switches to enable/disable or to set the raw bit mode. The implementation will depend on the chip, but -the control should be named as “IEC958 xxx”, preferably using the +the control should be named as "IEC958 xxx", preferably using the :c:func:`SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958()` macro.
You can find several cases, for example, ``pci/emu10k1``, @@ -3547,7 +3547,7 @@ function.
Usually, ALSA drivers try to allocate and reserve a large contiguous physical space at the time the module is loaded for the later use. This -is called “pre-allocation”. As already written, you can call the +is called "pre-allocation". As already written, you can call the following function at pcm instance construction time (in the case of PCI bus).
@@ -4163,7 +4163,7 @@ The typical coding would be like below:
Also, don't forget to define the module description and the license. Especially, the recent modprobe requires to define the -module license as GPL, etc., otherwise the system is shown as “tainted”. +module license as GPL, etc., otherwise the system is shown as "tainted".
::
@@ -4181,7 +4181,7 @@ So far, you've learned how to write the driver codes. And you might have a question now: how to put my own driver into the ALSA driver tree? Here (finally :) the standard procedure is described briefly.
-Suppose that you create a new PCI driver for the card “xyz”. The card +Suppose that you create a new PCI driver for the card "xyz". The card module name would be snd-xyz. The new driver is usually put into the alsa-driver tree, ``sound/pci`` directory in the case of PCI cards.
On 10.05.21 12:26, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
As Linux developers are all around the globe, and not everybody has UTF-8 as their default charset, better to use UTF-8 only on cases where it is really needed. […] The remaining patches on series address such cases on *.rst files and inside the Documentation/ABI, using this perl map table in order to do the charset conversion:
my %char_map = ( […] 0x2013 => '-', # EN DASH 0x2014 => '-', # EM DASH
I might be performing bike shedding here, but wouldn't it be better to replace those two with "--", as explained in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash#Approximating_the_em_dash_with_two_or_thr...
For EM DASH there seems to be even "---", but I'd say that is a bit too much.
Or do you fear the extra work as some lines then might break the 80-character limit then?
Ciao, Thorsten
Em Mon, 10 May 2021 12:52:44 +0200 Thorsten Leemhuis linux@leemhuis.info escreveu:
On 10.05.21 12:26, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
As Linux developers are all around the globe, and not everybody has UTF-8 as their default charset, better to use UTF-8 only on cases where it is really needed. […] The remaining patches on series address such cases on *.rst files and inside the Documentation/ABI, using this perl map table in order to do the charset conversion:
my %char_map = ( […] 0x2013 => '-', # EN DASH 0x2014 => '-', # EM DASH
I might be performing bike shedding here, but wouldn't it be better to replace those two with "--", as explained in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash#Approximating_the_em_dash_with_two_or_thr...
For EM DASH there seems to be even "---", but I'd say that is a bit too much.
Yeah, we can do, instead:
0x2013 => '--', # EN DASH 0x2014 => '---', # EM DASH
I was actually in doubt about those ;-)
Btw, when producing HTML documentation, Sphinx should convert: -- into EN DASH and: --- into EM DASH
So, the resulting html will be identical.
Or do you fear the extra work as some lines then might break the 80-character limit then?
No, I suspect that the line size won't be an issue. Some care should taken when EN DASH and EM DASH are used inside tables.
Thanks, Mauro
Em Mon, 10 May 2021 13:19:50 +0200 Mauro Carvalho Chehab mchehab+huawei@kernel.org escreveu:
Em Mon, 10 May 2021 12:52:44 +0200 Thorsten Leemhuis linux@leemhuis.info escreveu:
On 10.05.21 12:26, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
As Linux developers are all around the globe, and not everybody has UTF-8 as their default charset, better to use UTF-8 only on cases where it is really needed. […] The remaining patches on series address such cases on *.rst files and inside the Documentation/ABI, using this perl map table in order to do the charset conversion:
my %char_map = ( […] 0x2013 => '-', # EN DASH 0x2014 => '-', # EM DASH
I might be performing bike shedding here, but wouldn't it be better to replace those two with "--", as explained in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash#Approximating_the_em_dash_with_two_or_thr...
For EM DASH there seems to be even "---", but I'd say that is a bit too much.
Yeah, we can do, instead:
0x2013 => '--', # EN DASH 0x2014 => '---', # EM DASH
I was actually in doubt about those ;-)
On a quick test, I changed my script to use "--" and "---" for EN/EM DASH chars.
The diff below is against both versions.
There are a couple of places where it got mathematically wrong, like this one:
-operation over a temperature range of -40°C to +125°C. +operation over a temperature range of --40°C to +125°C.
On others, it is just a matter of personal taste. My personal opinion is that, on most cases, a single "-" would be better.
Thanks, Mauro
diff --git a/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-net-cdc_ncm b/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-net-cdc_ncm index 41a1eef0d0e7..469325255887 100644 --- a/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-net-cdc_ncm +++ b/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-net-cdc_ncm @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Contact: Bjørn Mork bjorn@mork.no Description: - Bit 0: 16-bit NTB supported (set to 1) - Bit 1: 32-bit NTB supported - - Bits 2 - 15: reserved (reset to zero; must be ignored by host) + - Bits 2 -- 15: reserved (reset to zero; must be ignored by host)
What: /sys/class/net/<iface>/cdc_ncm/dwNtbInMaxSize Date: May 2014 diff --git a/Documentation/PCI/acpi-info.rst b/Documentation/PCI/acpi-info.rst index 9b4b04039982..7a75f1f6e73c 100644 --- a/Documentation/PCI/acpi-info.rst +++ b/Documentation/PCI/acpi-info.rst @@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ address always corresponds to bus 0, even if the bus range below the bridge Extended Address Space Descriptor (.4) General Flags: Bit [0] Consumer/Producer:
- * 1 - This device consumes this resource - * 0 - This device produces and consumes this resource + * 1 -- This device consumes this resource + * 0 -- This device produces and consumes this resource
[5] ACPI 6.2, sec 19.6.43: ResourceUsage specifies whether the Memory range is consumed by diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.rst b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.rst index d76c6bfdc659..34a12b12df51 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.rst +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.rst @@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ newly arrived RCU callbacks against future grace periods: 43 }
But the only part of ``rcu_prepare_for_idle()`` that really matters for -this discussion are lines 37-39. We will therefore abbreviate this +this discussion are lines 37--39. We will therefore abbreviate this function as follows:
.. kernel-figure:: rcu_node-lock.svg diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.rst b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.rst index a3493b34f3dd..a42dc3cf26bd 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.rst +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.rst @@ -2354,8 +2354,8 @@ which in practice also means that RCU must have an aggressive stress-test suite. This stress-test suite is called ``rcutorture``.
Although the need for ``rcutorture`` was no surprise, the current -immense popularity of the Linux kernel is posing interesting-and perhaps -unprecedented-validation challenges. To see this, keep in mind that +immense popularity of the Linux kernel is posing interesting---and perhaps +unprecedented---validation challenges. To see this, keep in mind that there are well over one billion instances of the Linux kernel running today, given Android smartphones, Linux-powered televisions, and servers. This number can be expected to increase sharply with the advent diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/index.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/index.rst index b1692643718d..1a6dbda71ad6 100644 --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/index.rst +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/index.rst @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ The Linux kernel user's and administrator's guide
The following is a collection of user-oriented documents that have been added to the kernel over time. There is, as yet, little overall order or -organization here - this material was not written to be a single, coherent +organization here --- this material was not written to be a single, coherent document! With luck things will improve quickly over time.
This initial section contains overall information, including the README diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/module-signing.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/module-signing.rst index bd1d2fef78e8..0d185ba8b8b5 100644 --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/module-signing.rst +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/module-signing.rst @@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ This has a number of options available: ``certs/signing_key.pem`` will disable the autogeneration of signing keys and allow the kernel modules to be signed with a key of your choosing. The string provided should identify a file containing both a private key - and its corresponding X.509 certificate in PEM form, or - on systems where - the OpenSSL ENGINE_pkcs11 is functional - a PKCS#11 URI as defined by + and its corresponding X.509 certificate in PEM form, or --- on systems where + the OpenSSL ENGINE_pkcs11 is functional --- a PKCS#11 URI as defined by RFC7512. In the latter case, the PKCS#11 URI should reference both a certificate and a private key.
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/ras.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/ras.rst index 00445adf8708..66c2c62c1cd4 100644 --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/ras.rst +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/ras.rst @@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ it causes data loss or system downtime.
Among the monitoring measures, the most usual ones include:
-* CPU - detect errors at instruction execution and at L1/L2/L3 caches; -* Memory - add error correction logic (ECC) to detect and correct errors; -* I/O - add CRC checksums for transferred data; -* Storage - RAID, journal file systems, checksums, +* CPU -- detect errors at instruction execution and at L1/L2/L3 caches; +* Memory -- add error correction logic (ECC) to detect and correct errors; +* I/O -- add CRC checksums for transferred data; +* Storage -- RAID, journal file systems, checksums, Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART).
By monitoring the number of occurrences of error detections, it is possible diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst index f691930e13c0..af699015d266 100644 --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst @@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ and look a little lower at the table. At its top you'll see a line starting with mainline, which most of the time will point to a pre-release with a version number like '5.8-rc2'. If that's the case, you'll want to use this mainline kernel for testing, as that where all fixes have to be applied first. Do not let -that 'rc' scare you, these 'development kernels' are pretty reliable - and you +that 'rc' scare you, these 'development kernels' are pretty reliable --- and you made a backup, as you were instructed above, didn't you?
In about two out of every nine to ten weeks, mainline might point you to a @@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ How to obtain a fresh Linux kernel ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
**Using a pre-compiled kernel**: This is often the quickest, easiest, and safest -way for testing - especially is you are unfamiliar with the Linux kernel. The +way for testing --- especially is you are unfamiliar with the Linux kernel. The problem: most of those shipped by distributors or add-on repositories are build from modified Linux sources. They are thus not vanilla and therefore often unsuitable for testing and issue reporting: the changes might cause the issue @@ -1345,7 +1345,7 @@ about it to a chatroom or forum you normally hang out.
**Be patient**: If you are really lucky you might get a reply to your report within a few hours. But most of the time it will take longer, as maintainers -are scattered around the globe and thus might be in a different time zone - one +are scattered around the globe and thus might be in a different time zone -- one where they already enjoy their night away from keyboard.
In general, kernel developers will take one to five business days to respond to @@ -1388,7 +1388,7 @@ Here are your duties in case you got replies to your report:
**Check who you deal with**: Most of the time it will be the maintainer or a developer of the particular code area that will respond to your report. But as -issues are normally reported in public it could be anyone that's replying - +issues are normally reported in public it could be anyone that's replying --- including people that want to help, but in the end might guide you totally off track with their questions or requests. That rarely happens, but it's one of many reasons why it's wise to quickly run an internet search to see who you're @@ -1716,7 +1716,7 @@ Maybe their test hardware broke, got replaced by something more fancy, or is so old that it's something you don't find much outside of computer museums anymore. Sometimes developer stops caring for their code and Linux at all, as something different in their life became way more important. In some cases -nobody is willing to take over the job as maintainer - and nobody can be forced +nobody is willing to take over the job as maintainer -- and nobody can be forced to, as contributing to the Linux kernel is done on a voluntary basis. Abandoned drivers nevertheless remain in the kernel: they are still useful for people and removing would be a regression. diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst index 743a7c70fd83..639dd58518ca 100644 --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst @@ -1285,7 +1285,7 @@ The soft lockup detector monitors CPUs for threads that are hogging the CPUs without rescheduling voluntarily, and thus prevent the 'watchdog/N' threads from running. The mechanism depends on the CPUs ability to respond to timer interrupts which are needed for the 'watchdog/N' threads to be woken up by -the watchdog timer function, otherwise the NMI watchdog - if enabled - can +the watchdog timer function, otherwise the NMI watchdog --- if enabled --- can detect a hard lockup condition.
diff --git a/Documentation/dev-tools/testing-overview.rst b/Documentation/dev-tools/testing-overview.rst index 8adffc26a2ec..381c571eb52c 100644 --- a/Documentation/dev-tools/testing-overview.rst +++ b/Documentation/dev-tools/testing-overview.rst @@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ frameworks. These both provide infrastructure to help make running tests and groups of tests easier, as well as providing helpers to aid in writing new tests.
-If you're looking to verify the behaviour of the Kernel - particularly specific -parts of the kernel - then you'll want to use KUnit or kselftest. +If you're looking to verify the behaviour of the Kernel --- particularly specific +parts of the kernel --- then you'll want to use KUnit or kselftest.
The Difference Between KUnit and kselftest diff --git a/Documentation/doc-guide/contributing.rst b/Documentation/doc-guide/contributing.rst index c2d709467c68..ac5c9f1d2311 100644 --- a/Documentation/doc-guide/contributing.rst +++ b/Documentation/doc-guide/contributing.rst @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ comments that look like this::
The problem is the missing "*", which confuses the build system's simplistic idea of what C comment blocks look like. This problem had been -present since that comment was added in 2016 - a full four years. Fixing +present since that comment was added in 2016 --- a full four years. Fixing it was a matter of adding the missing asterisks. A quick look at the history for that file showed what the normal format for subject lines is, and ``scripts/get_maintainer.pl`` told me who should receive it. The diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-bridge.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-bridge.rst index 8d650b4e2ce6..1d6e910c27df 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-bridge.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-bridge.rst @@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ FPGA Bridge API to implement a new FPGA bridge ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-* struct fpga_bridge - The FPGA Bridge structure -* struct fpga_bridge_ops - Low level Bridge driver ops -* devm_fpga_bridge_create() - Allocate and init a bridge struct -* fpga_bridge_register() - Register a bridge -* fpga_bridge_unregister() - Unregister a bridge +* struct fpga_bridge --- The FPGA Bridge structure +* struct fpga_bridge_ops --- Low level Bridge driver ops +* devm_fpga_bridge_create() --- Allocate and init a bridge struct +* fpga_bridge_register() --- Register a bridge +* fpga_bridge_unregister() --- Unregister a bridge
.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/fpga/fpga-bridge.h :functions: fpga_bridge diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-mgr.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-mgr.rst index 4d926b452cb3..272161361c6a 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-mgr.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-mgr.rst @@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ in state. API for implementing a new FPGA Manager driver ----------------------------------------------
-* ``fpga_mgr_states`` - Values for :c:expr:`fpga_manager->state`. -* struct fpga_manager - the FPGA manager struct -* struct fpga_manager_ops - Low level FPGA manager driver ops -* devm_fpga_mgr_create() - Allocate and init a manager struct -* fpga_mgr_register() - Register an FPGA manager -* fpga_mgr_unregister() - Unregister an FPGA manager +* ``fpga_mgr_states`` --- Values for :c:expr:`fpga_manager->state`. +* struct fpga_manager --- the FPGA manager struct +* struct fpga_manager_ops --- Low level FPGA manager driver ops +* devm_fpga_mgr_create() --- Allocate and init a manager struct +* fpga_mgr_register() --- Register an FPGA manager +* fpga_mgr_unregister() --- Unregister an FPGA manager
.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/fpga/fpga-mgr.h :functions: fpga_mgr_states diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-programming.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-programming.rst index fb4da4240e96..adc725855bad 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-programming.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-programming.rst @@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ will generate that list. Here's some sample code of what to do next:: API for programming an FPGA ---------------------------
-* fpga_region_program_fpga() - Program an FPGA -* fpga_image_info() - Specifies what FPGA image to program -* fpga_image_info_alloc() - Allocate an FPGA image info struct -* fpga_image_info_free() - Free an FPGA image info struct +* fpga_region_program_fpga() --- Program an FPGA +* fpga_image_info() --- Specifies what FPGA image to program +* fpga_image_info_alloc() --- Allocate an FPGA image info struct +* fpga_image_info_free() --- Free an FPGA image info struct
.. kernel-doc:: drivers/fpga/fpga-region.c :functions: fpga_region_program_fpga diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-region.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-region.rst index 2636a27c11b2..6c0c2541de04 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-region.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/fpga/fpga-region.rst @@ -45,19 +45,19 @@ An example of usage can be seen in the probe function of [#f2]_. API to add a new FPGA region ----------------------------
-* struct fpga_region - The FPGA region struct -* devm_fpga_region_create() - Allocate and init a region struct -* fpga_region_register() - Register an FPGA region -* fpga_region_unregister() - Unregister an FPGA region +* struct fpga_region --- The FPGA region struct +* devm_fpga_region_create() --- Allocate and init a region struct +* fpga_region_register() --- Register an FPGA region +* fpga_region_unregister() --- Unregister an FPGA region
The FPGA region's probe function will need to get a reference to the FPGA Manager it will be using to do the programming. This usually would happen during the region's probe function.
-* fpga_mgr_get() - Get a reference to an FPGA manager, raise ref count -* of_fpga_mgr_get() - Get a reference to an FPGA manager, raise ref count, +* fpga_mgr_get() --- Get a reference to an FPGA manager, raise ref count +* of_fpga_mgr_get() --- Get a reference to an FPGA manager, raise ref count, given a device node. -* fpga_mgr_put() - Put an FPGA manager +* fpga_mgr_put() --- Put an FPGA manager
The FPGA region will need to specify which bridges to control while programming the FPGA. The region driver can build a list of bridges during probe time @@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ the list of bridges to program just before programming (:c:expr:`fpga_region->get_bridges`). The FPGA bridge framework supplies the following APIs to handle building or tearing down that list.
-* fpga_bridge_get_to_list() - Get a ref of an FPGA bridge, add it to a +* fpga_bridge_get_to_list() --- Get a ref of an FPGA bridge, add it to a list -* of_fpga_bridge_get_to_list() - Get a ref of an FPGA bridge, add it to a +* of_fpga_bridge_get_to_list() --- Get a ref of an FPGA bridge, add it to a list, given a device node -* fpga_bridges_put() - Given a list of bridges, put them +* fpga_bridges_put() --- Given a list of bridges, put them
.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/fpga/fpga-region.h :functions: fpga_region diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/iio/buffers.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/iio/buffers.rst index 24569ff0cf79..906dfc10b7ef 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/iio/buffers.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/iio/buffers.rst @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ Buffers =======
-* struct iio_buffer - general buffer structure -* :c:func:`iio_validate_scan_mask_onehot` - Validates that exactly one channel +* struct iio_buffer --- general buffer structure +* :c:func:`iio_validate_scan_mask_onehot` --- Validates that exactly one channel is selected -* :c:func:`iio_buffer_get` - Grab a reference to the buffer -* :c:func:`iio_buffer_put` - Release the reference to the buffer +* :c:func:`iio_buffer_get` --- Grab a reference to the buffer +* :c:func:`iio_buffer_put` --- Release the reference to the buffer
The Industrial I/O core offers a way for continuous data capture based on a trigger source. Multiple data channels can be read at once from diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/iio/hw-consumer.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/iio/hw-consumer.rst index 75986358fc02..06969fde2086 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/iio/hw-consumer.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/iio/hw-consumer.rst @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ software buffer for data. The implementation can be found under :file:`drivers/iio/buffer/hw-consumer.c`
-* struct iio_hw_consumer - Hardware consumer structure -* :c:func:`iio_hw_consumer_alloc` - Allocate IIO hardware consumer -* :c:func:`iio_hw_consumer_free` - Free IIO hardware consumer -* :c:func:`iio_hw_consumer_enable` - Enable IIO hardware consumer -* :c:func:`iio_hw_consumer_disable` - Disable IIO hardware consumer +* struct iio_hw_consumer --- Hardware consumer structure +* :c:func:`iio_hw_consumer_alloc` --- Allocate IIO hardware consumer +* :c:func:`iio_hw_consumer_free` --- Free IIO hardware consumer +* :c:func:`iio_hw_consumer_enable` --- Enable IIO hardware consumer +* :c:func:`iio_hw_consumer_disable` --- Disable IIO hardware consumer
HW consumer setup diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/iio/triggered-buffers.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/iio/triggered-buffers.rst index 7c37b2afa1ad..49831ff466c5 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/iio/triggered-buffers.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/iio/triggered-buffers.rst @@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ Now that we know what buffers and triggers are let's see how they work together. IIO triggered buffer setup ==========================
-* :c:func:`iio_triggered_buffer_setup` - Setup triggered buffer and pollfunc -* :c:func:`iio_triggered_buffer_cleanup` - Free resources allocated by +* :c:func:`iio_triggered_buffer_setup` --- Setup triggered buffer and pollfunc +* :c:func:`iio_triggered_buffer_cleanup` --- Free resources allocated by :c:func:`iio_triggered_buffer_setup` -* struct iio_buffer_setup_ops - buffer setup related callbacks +* struct iio_buffer_setup_ops --- buffer setup related callbacks
A typical triggered buffer setup looks like this::
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/iio/triggers.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/iio/triggers.rst index a5d1fc15747c..5b3d475bc871 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/iio/triggers.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/iio/triggers.rst @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ Triggers ========
-* struct iio_trigger - industrial I/O trigger device -* :c:func:`devm_iio_trigger_alloc` - Resource-managed iio_trigger_alloc -* :c:func:`devm_iio_trigger_register` - Resource-managed iio_trigger_register +* struct iio_trigger --- industrial I/O trigger device +* :c:func:`devm_iio_trigger_alloc` --- Resource-managed iio_trigger_alloc +* :c:func:`devm_iio_trigger_register` --- Resource-managed iio_trigger_register iio_trigger_unregister -* :c:func:`iio_trigger_validate_own_device` - Check if a trigger and IIO +* :c:func:`iio_trigger_validate_own_device` --- Check if a trigger and IIO device belong to the same device
In many situations it is useful for a driver to be able to capture data based @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Let's see a simple example of how to setup a trigger to be used by a driver:: IIO trigger ops ===============
-* struct iio_trigger_ops - operations structure for an iio_trigger. +* struct iio_trigger_ops --- operations structure for an iio_trigger.
Notice that a trigger has a set of operations attached:
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst index 29eb9230b7a9..e07e0d39c7f0 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The Linux driver implementer's API guide
The kernel offers a wide variety of interfaces to support the development of device drivers. This document is an only somewhat organized collection -of some of those interfaces - it will hopefully get better over time! The +of some of those interfaces --- it will hopefully get better over time! The available subsections can be seen below.
.. class:: toc-title diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/media/drivers/vidtv.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/media/drivers/vidtv.rst index abb454302ac5..c3821d82df17 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/media/drivers/vidtv.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/media/drivers/vidtv.rst @@ -458,8 +458,8 @@ Add a way to test video
Currently, vidtv can only encode PCM audio. It would be great to implement a barebones version of MPEG-2 video encoding so we can also test video. The -first place to look into is *ISO 13818-2: Information technology - Generic -coding of moving pictures and associated audio information - Part 2: Video*, +first place to look into is *ISO 13818-2: Information technology --- Generic +coding of moving pictures and associated audio information --- Part 2: Video*, which covers the encoding of compressed video in MPEG Transport Streams.
This might optionally use the Video4Linux2 Test Pattern Generator, v4l2-tpg, diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/nvdimm/btt.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/nvdimm/btt.rst index dd91a495e02e..1d2d9cd40def 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/nvdimm/btt.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/nvdimm/btt.rst @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ Bit Description 0 0 Initial state. Reads return zeroes; Premap = Postmap 0 1 Zero state: Reads return zeroes 1 0 Error state: Reads fail; Writes clear 'E' bit - 1 1 Normal Block - has valid postmap + 1 1 Normal Block -- has valid postmap == == ====================================================
29 - 0 Mappings to internal 'postmap' blocks diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/f2fs.rst b/Documentation/filesystems/f2fs.rst index 19d2cf477fc3..9b0e9abf8f88 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/f2fs.rst +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/f2fs.rst @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ areas on disk for fast writing, we divide the log into segments and use a segment cleaner to compress the live information from heavily fragmented segments." from Rosenblum, M. and Ousterhout, J. K., 1992, "The design and implementation of a log-structured file system", ACM Trans. Computer Systems -10, 1, 26-52. +10, 1, 26--52.
Wandering Tree Problem ---------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/tmp103.rst b/Documentation/hwmon/tmp103.rst index b3ef81475cf8..051282bd88b7 100644 --- a/Documentation/hwmon/tmp103.rst +++ b/Documentation/hwmon/tmp103.rst @@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ Description The TMP103 is a digital output temperature sensor in a four-ball wafer chip-scale package (WCSP). The TMP103 is capable of reading temperatures to a resolution of 1°C. The TMP103 is specified for -operation over a temperature range of -40°C to +125°C. +operation over a temperature range of --40°C to +125°C.
Resolution: 8 Bits -Accuracy: ±1°C Typ (-10°C to +100°C) +Accuracy: ±1°C Typ (--10°C to +100°C)
The driver provides the common sysfs-interface for temperatures (see Documentation/hwmon/sysfs-interface.rst under Temperatures). diff --git a/Documentation/index.rst b/Documentation/index.rst index 11cd806ea3a4..7ae88aa57d98 100644 --- a/Documentation/index.rst +++ b/Documentation/index.rst @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ tree, as well as links to the full license text. User-oriented documentation ---------------------------
-The following manuals are written for *users* of the kernel - those who are +The following manuals are written for *users* of the kernel --- those who are trying to get it to work optimally on a given system.
.. toctree:: @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Kernel API documentation These books get into the details of how specific kernel subsystems work from the point of view of a kernel developer. Much of the information here is taken directly from the kernel source, with supplemental material added -as needed (or at least as we managed to add it - probably *not* all that is +as needed (or at least as we managed to add it --- probably *not* all that is needed).
.. toctree:: diff --git a/Documentation/infiniband/tag_matching.rst b/Documentation/infiniband/tag_matching.rst index b89528a31d10..2c26f76e43f9 100644 --- a/Documentation/infiniband/tag_matching.rst +++ b/Documentation/infiniband/tag_matching.rst @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ match the following source and destination parameters:
* Communicator * User tag - wild card may be specified by the receiver -* Source rank - wild car may be specified by the receiver -* Destination rank - wild +* Source rank -- wild car may be specified by the receiver +* Destination rank -- wild
The ordering rules require that when more than one pair of send and receive message envelopes may match, the pair that includes the earliest posted-send diff --git a/Documentation/networking/device_drivers/ethernet/intel/i40e.rst b/Documentation/networking/device_drivers/ethernet/intel/i40e.rst index 64024c77c9ca..e3e52b0e6b5e 100644 --- a/Documentation/networking/device_drivers/ethernet/intel/i40e.rst +++ b/Documentation/networking/device_drivers/ethernet/intel/i40e.rst @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ Director rule is added from ethtool (Sideband filter), ATR is turned off by the driver. To re-enable ATR, the sideband can be disabled with the ethtool -K option. For example::
- ethtool -K [adapter] ntuple [off|on] + ethtool --K [adapter] ntuple [off|on]
If sideband is re-enabled after ATR is re-enabled, ATR remains enabled until a TCP-IP flow is added. When all TCP-IP sideband rules are deleted, ATR is @@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ shaper bw_rlimit: for each tc, sets minimum and maximum bandwidth rates. Totals must be equal or less than port speed.
For example: min_rate 1Gbit 3Gbit: Verify bandwidth limit using network -monitoring tools such as ifstat or sar -n DEV [interval] [number of samples] +monitoring tools such as ifstat or sar --n DEV [interval] [number of samples]
2. Enable HW TC offload on interface::
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/device_drivers/ethernet/intel/iavf.rst b/Documentation/networking/device_drivers/ethernet/intel/iavf.rst index 25e98494b385..44d2f85738b1 100644 --- a/Documentation/networking/device_drivers/ethernet/intel/iavf.rst +++ b/Documentation/networking/device_drivers/ethernet/intel/iavf.rst @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ shaper bw_rlimit: for each tc, sets minimum and maximum bandwidth rates. Totals must be equal or less than port speed.
For example: min_rate 1Gbit 3Gbit: Verify bandwidth limit using network -monitoring tools such as ifstat or sar -n DEV [interval] [number of samples] +monitoring tools such as ifstat or sar --n DEV [interval] [number of samples]
NOTE: Setting up channels via ethtool (ethtool -L) is not supported when the diff --git a/Documentation/riscv/vm-layout.rst b/Documentation/riscv/vm-layout.rst index 545f8ab51f1a..05615b3021bb 100644 --- a/Documentation/riscv/vm-layout.rst +++ b/Documentation/riscv/vm-layout.rst @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ RISC-V Linux Kernel 64bit =========================
The RISC-V privileged architecture document states that the 64bit addresses -"must have bits 63-48 all equal to bit 47, or else a page-fault exception will +"must have bits 63--48 all equal to bit 47, or else a page-fault exception will occur.": that splits the virtual address space into 2 halves separated by a very big hole, the lower half is where the userspace resides, the upper half is where the RISC-V Linux Kernel resides. diff --git a/Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.rst b/Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.rst index 0ff353ecf24e..b261ec2ab2ef 100644 --- a/Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.rst +++ b/Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.rst @@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ Deadline Task Scheduling pp 760-768, 2005. 10 - J. Goossens, S. Funk and S. Baruah, Priority-Driven Scheduling of Periodic Task Systems on Multiprocessors. Real-Time Systems Journal, - vol. 25, no. 2-3, pp. 187-205, 2003. + vol. 25, no. 2--3, pp. 187--205, 2003. 11 - R. Davis and A. Burns. A Survey of Hard Real-Time Scheduling for Multiprocessor Systems. ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 43, no. 4, 2011. http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~robdavis/papers/MPSurveyv5.0.pdf diff --git a/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/biblio.rst b/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/biblio.rst index 6e07b78bd39d..7b8e6738ff9e 100644 --- a/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/biblio.rst +++ b/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/biblio.rst @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 13818-1 ===========
-:title: ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 "Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems" +:title: ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 "Information technology --- Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems"
:author: International Telecommunication Union (http://www.itu.ch), International Organisation for Standardisation (http://www.iso.ch)
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ ISO 13818-2 ===========
-:title: ITU-T Rec. H.262 | ISO/IEC 13818-2 "Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video" +:title: ITU-T Rec. H.262 | ISO/IEC 13818-2 "Information technology --- Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video"
:author: International Telecommunication Union (http://www.itu.ch), International Organisation for Standardisation (http://www.iso.ch)
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ ITU-T.81 ========
-:title: ITU-T Recommendation T.81 "Information Technology - Digital Compression and Coding of Continous-Tone Still Images - Requirements and Guidelines" +:title: ITU-T Recommendation T.81 "Information Technology --- Digital Compression and Coding of Continous-Tone Still Images --- Requirements and Guidelines"
:author: International Telecommunication Union (http://www.itu.int)
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ ISO 12232:2006 ==============
-:title: Photography - Digital still cameras - Determination of exposure index, ISO speed ratings, standard output sensitivity, and recommended exposure index +:title: Photography --- Digital still cameras --- Determination of exposure index, ISO speed ratings, standard output sensitivity, and recommended exposure index
:author: International Organization for Standardization (http://www.iso.org)
diff --git a/Documentation/virt/kvm/running-nested-guests.rst b/Documentation/virt/kvm/running-nested-guests.rst index e9dff3fea055..8b83b86560da 100644 --- a/Documentation/virt/kvm/running-nested-guests.rst +++ b/Documentation/virt/kvm/running-nested-guests.rst @@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ this document is built on this example)::
Terminology:
-- L0 - level-0; the bare metal host, running KVM +- L0 -- level-0; the bare metal host, running KVM
-- L1 - level-1 guest; a VM running on L0; also called the "guest +- L1 -- level-1 guest; a VM running on L0; also called the "guest hypervisor", as it itself is capable of running KVM.
-- L2 - level-2 guest; a VM running on L1, this is the "nested guest" +- L2 -- level-2 guest; a VM running on L1, this is the "nested guest"
.. note:: The above diagram is modelled after the x86 architecture; s390x, ppc64 and other architectures are likely to have @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Terminology:
For example, s390x always has an LPAR (LogicalPARtition) hypervisor running on bare metal, adding another layer and - resulting in at least four levels in a nested setup - L0 (bare + resulting in at least four levels in a nested setup --- L0 (bare metal, running the LPAR hypervisor), L1 (host hypervisor), L2 (guest hypervisor), L3 (nested guest).
@@ -167,11 +167,11 @@ Enabling "nested" (s390x) $ modprobe kvm nested=1
.. note:: On s390x, the kernel parameter ``hpage`` is mutually exclusive - with the ``nested`` paramter - i.e. to be able to enable + with the ``nested`` paramter --- i.e. to be able to enable ``nested``, the ``hpage`` parameter *must* be disabled.
2. The guest hypervisor (L1) must be provided with the ``sie`` CPU - feature - with QEMU, this can be done by using "host passthrough" + feature --- with QEMU, this can be done by using "host passthrough" (via the command-line ``-cpu host``).
3. Now the KVM module can be loaded in the L1 (guest hypervisor)::
On Mon, 2021-05-10 at 12:26 +0200, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
There are several UTF-8 characters at the Kernel's documentation.
Several of them were due to the process of converting files from DocBook, LaTeX, HTML and Markdown. They were probably introduced by the conversion tools used on that time.
Other UTF-8 characters were added along the time, but they're easily replaceable by ASCII chars.
As Linux developers are all around the globe, and not everybody has UTF-8 as their default charset, better to use UTF-8 only on cases where it is really needed.
No, that is absolutely the wrong approach.
If someone has a local setup which makes bogus assumptions about text encodings, that is their own mistake.
We don't do them any favours by trying to *hide* it in the common case so that they don't notice it for longer.
There really isn't much excuse for such brokenness, this far into the 21st century.
Even *before* UTF-8 came along in the final decade of the last millennium, it was important to know which character set a given piece of text was encoded in.
In fact it was even *more* important back then, we couldn't just assume UTF-8 everywhere like we can in modern times.
Git can already do things like CRLF conversion on checking files out to match local conventions; if you want to teach it to do character set conversions too then I suppose that might be useful to a few developers who've fallen through a time warp and still need it. But nobody's ever bothered before because it just isn't necessary these days.
Please *don't* attempt to address this anachronistic and esoteric "requirement" by dragging the kernel source back in time by three decades.
Hi David,
Em Mon, 10 May 2021 11:54:02 +0100 David Woodhouse dwmw2@infradead.org escreveu:
On Mon, 2021-05-10 at 12:26 +0200, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
There are several UTF-8 characters at the Kernel's documentation.
Several of them were due to the process of converting files from DocBook, LaTeX, HTML and Markdown. They were probably introduced by the conversion tools used on that time.
Other UTF-8 characters were added along the time, but they're easily replaceable by ASCII chars.
As Linux developers are all around the globe, and not everybody has UTF-8 as their default charset, better to use UTF-8 only on cases where it is really needed.
No, that is absolutely the wrong approach.
If someone has a local setup which makes bogus assumptions about text encodings, that is their own mistake.
We don't do them any favours by trying to *hide* it in the common case so that they don't notice it for longer.
There really isn't much excuse for such brokenness, this far into the 21st century.
Even *before* UTF-8 came along in the final decade of the last millennium, it was important to know which character set a given piece of text was encoded in.
In fact it was even *more* important back then, we couldn't just assume UTF-8 everywhere like we can in modern times.
Git can already do things like CRLF conversion on checking files out to match local conventions; if you want to teach it to do character set conversions too then I suppose that might be useful to a few developers who've fallen through a time warp and still need it. But nobody's ever bothered before because it just isn't necessary these days.
Please *don't* attempt to address this anachronistic and esoteric "requirement" by dragging the kernel source back in time by three decades.
No. The idea is not to go back three decades ago.
The goal is just to avoid use UTF-8 where it is not needed. See, the vast majority of UTF-8 chars are kept:
- Non-ASCII Latin and Greek chars; - Box drawings; - arrows; - most symbols.
There, it makes perfect sense to keep using UTF-8.
We should keep using UTF-8 on Kernel. This is something that it shouldn't be changed.
---
This patch series is doing conversion only when using ASCII makes more sense than using UTF-8.
See, a number of converted documents ended with weird characters like ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE (U+FEFF) character. This specific character doesn't do any good.
Others use NO-BREAK SPACE (U+A0) instead of 0x20. Harmless, until someone tries to use grep[1].
[1] try to run:
$ git grep "CPU 0 has been" Documentation/RCU/
it will return nothing with current upstream.
But it will work fine after the series is applied:
$ git grep "CPU 0 has been" Documentation/RCU/ Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.rst:| #. CPU 0 has been in dyntick-idle mode for quite some time. When it | Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.rst:| notices that CPU 0 has been in dyntick idle mode, which qualifies |
The main point on this series is to replace just the occurrences where ASCII represents the symbol equally well, e. g. it is limited for those chars:
- U+2010 ('‐'): HYPHEN - U+00ad (''): SOFT HYPHEN - U+2013 ('–'): EN DASH - U+2014 ('—'): EM DASH
- U+2018 ('‘'): LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK - U+2019 ('’'): RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK - U+00b4 ('´'): ACUTE ACCENT
- U+201c ('“'): LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK - U+201d ('”'): RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
- U+00d7 ('×'): MULTIPLICATION SIGN - U+2212 ('−'): MINUS SIGN
- U+2217 ('∗'): ASTERISK OPERATOR (this one used as a pointer reference like "*foo" on C code example inside a document converted from LaTeX)
- U+00bb ('»'): RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK (this one also used wrongly on an ABI file, meaning '>')
- U+00a0 (' '): NO-BREAK SPACE - U+feff (''): ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE
Using the above symbols will just trick tools like grep for no good reason.
Thanks, Mauro
On 10/05/2021 12:55, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
The main point on this series is to replace just the occurrences where ASCII represents the symbol equally well
- U+2014 ('—'): EM DASH
Em dash is not the same thing as hyphen-minus, and the latter does not serve 'equally well'. People use em dashes because — even in monospace fonts — they make text easier to read and comprehend, when used correctly. I accept that some of the other distinctions — like en dashes — are needlessly pedantic (though I don't doubt there is someone out there who will gladly defend them with the same fervour with which I argue for the em dash) and I wouldn't take the trouble to use them myself; but I think there is a reasonable assumption that when someone goes to the effort of using a Unicode punctuation mark that is semantic (rather than merely typographical), they probably had a reason for doing so.
- U+2018 ('‘'): LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
- U+2019 ('’'): RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
- U+201c ('“'): LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
- U+201d ('”'): RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
(These are purely typographic, I have no problem with dumping them.)
- U+00d7 ('×'): MULTIPLICATION SIGN
Presumably this is appearing in mathematical formulae, in which case changing it to 'x' loses semantic information.
Using the above symbols will just trick tools like grep for no good reason.
NBSP, sure. That one's probably an artefact of some document format conversion somewhere along the line, anyway. But what kinds of things with × or — in are going to be grept for?
If there are em dashes lying around that semantically _should_ be hyphen-minus (one of your patches I've seen, for instance, fixes an *en* dash moonlighting as the option character in an `ethtool` command line), then sure, convert them. But any time someone is using a Unicode character to *express semantics*, even if you happen to think the semantic distinction involved is a pedantic or unimportant one, I think you need an explicit grep case to justify ASCIIfying it.
-ed
Em Mon, 10 May 2021 14:16:16 +0100 Edward Cree ecree.xilinx@gmail.com escreveu:
On 10/05/2021 12:55, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
The main point on this series is to replace just the occurrences where ASCII represents the symbol equally well
- U+2014 ('—'): EM DASH
Em dash is not the same thing as hyphen-minus, and the latter does not serve 'equally well'. People use em dashes because — even in monospace fonts — they make text easier to read and comprehend, when used correctly.
True, but if you look at the diff, on several places, IMHO a single hyphen would make more sensus. Maybe those places came from a converted doc.
I accept that some of the other distinctions — like en dashes — are needlessly pedantic (though I don't doubt there is someone out there who will gladly defend them with the same fervour with which I argue for the em dash) and I wouldn't take the trouble to use them myself; but I think there is a reasonable assumption that when someone goes to the effort of using a Unicode punctuation mark that is semantic (rather than merely typographical), they probably had a reason for doing so.
- U+2018 ('‘'): LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
- U+2019 ('’'): RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
- U+201c ('“'): LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
- U+201d ('”'): RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
(These are purely typographic, I have no problem with dumping them.)
- U+00d7 ('×'): MULTIPLICATION SIGN
Presumably this is appearing in mathematical formulae, in which case changing it to 'x' loses semantic information.
Using the above symbols will just trick tools like grep for no good reason.
NBSP, sure. That one's probably an artefact of some document format conversion somewhere along the line, anyway. But what kinds of things with × or — in are going to be grept for?
Actually, on almost all places, those aren't used inside math formulae, but instead, they describe video some resolutions:
$ git grep × Documentation/ Documentation/devicetree/bindings/display/panel/asus,z00t-tm5p5-nt35596.yaml:title: ASUS Z00T TM5P5 NT35596 5.5" 1080×1920 LCD Panel Documentation/devicetree/bindings/display/panel/panel-simple-dsi.yaml: # LG ACX467AKM-7 4.95" 1080×1920 LCD Panel Documentation/devicetree/bindings/sound/tlv320adcx140.yaml: 1 - Mic bias is set to VREF × 1.096 Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/crop.rst:of 16 × 16 pixels. The source cropping rectangle is set to defaults, Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/crop.rst:which are also the upper limit in this example, of 640 × 400 pixels at Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/crop.rst:offset 0, 0. An application requests an image size of 300 × 225 pixels, Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/crop.rst:The driver sets the image size to the closest possible values 304 × 224, Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/crop.rst:is 608 × 224 (224 × 2:1 would exceed the limit 400). The offset 0, 0 is Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/crop.rst:rectangle of 608 × 456 pixels. The present scaling factors limit Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/crop.rst:cropping to 640 × 384, so the driver returns the cropping size 608 × 384 Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/crop.rst:and adjusts the image size to closest possible 304 × 192. Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/diff-v4l.rst:size bitmap of 1024 × 625 bits. Struct :c:type:`v4l2_window` Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/vidioc-cropcap.rst: Assuming pixel aspect 1/1 this could be for example a 640 × 480 Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/vidioc-cropcap.rst: rectangle for NTSC, a 768 × 576 rectangle for PAL and SECAM
it is a way more likely that, if someone wants to grep, they would be doing something like this, in order to get video resolutions:
$ git grep -E "\b[1-9][0-9]+\s*x\s*[0-9]+\b" Documentation/ Documentation/ABI/obsolete/sysfs-driver-hid-roccat-koneplus:Description: When read the mouse returns a 30x30 pixel image of the Documentation/ABI/obsolete/sysfs-driver-hid-roccat-konepure:Description: When read the mouse returns a 30x30 pixel image of the Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-event_source-devices-hv_24x7: Provides access to the binary "24x7 catalog" provided by the Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-event_source-devices-hv_24x7: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jmesmon/catalog-24x7/master/hv-24x7- catalog.h Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-event_source-devices-hv_24x7: Exposes the "version" field of the 24x7 catalog. This is also Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-event_source-devices-hv_24x7: HCALLs to retrieve hv-24x7 pmu event counter data. Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-vfio-mdev: "2 heads, 512M FB, 2560x1600 maximum resolution" Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-driver-wacom: of the device. The image is a 64x32 pixel 4-bit gray image. The Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-driver-wacom: 1024 byte binary is split up into 16x 64 byte chunks. Each 64 Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-driver-wacom: image has to contain 256 bytes (64x32 px 1 bit colour). Documentation/admin-guide/edid.rst:commonly used screen resolutions (800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024, 1600x1200, Documentation/admin-guide/edid.rst:1680x1050, 1920x1080) as binary blobs, but the kernel source tree does Documentation/admin-guide/edid.rst:If you want to create your own EDID file, copy the file 1024x768.S, Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt: edid/1024x768.bin, edid/1280x1024.bin, Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt: edid/1680x1050.bin, or edid/1920x1080.bin is given Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt: 2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768) Documentation/admin-guide/media/dvb_intro.rst:signal encoded at a resolution of 768x576 24-bit color pixels over 25 Documentation/admin-guide/media/imx.rst:1280x960 input frame to 640x480, and then /2 downscale in both Documentation/admin-guide/media/imx.rst:dimensions to 320x240 (assumes ipu1_csi0 is linked to ipu1_csi0_mux): Documentation/admin-guide/media/imx.rst: media-ctl -V "'ipu1_csi0_mux':2[fmt:UYVY2X8/1280x960]"
which won't get the above, due to the usage of the UTF-8 alternative.
In any case, replacing all the above by 'x' seems to be the right thing, at least on my eyes.
If there are em dashes lying around that semantically _should_ be hyphen-minus (one of your patches I've seen, for instance, fixes an *en* dash moonlighting as the option character in an `ethtool` command line), then sure, convert them. But any time someone is using a Unicode character to *express semantics*, even if you happen to think the semantic distinction involved is a pedantic or unimportant one, I think you need an explicit grep case to justify ASCIIfying it.
Yeah, in the case of hyphen/dash it seems to make sense to double check it.
Thanks, Mauro
On 10/05/2021 14:38, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
Em Mon, 10 May 2021 14:16:16 +0100 Edward Cree ecree.xilinx@gmail.com escreveu:
But what kinds of things with × or — in are going to be grept for?
Actually, on almost all places, those aren't used inside math formulae, but instead, they describe video some resolutions:
Ehh, those are also proper uses of ×. It's still a multiplication, after all.
it is a way more likely that, if someone wants to grep, they would be doing something like this, in order to get video resolutions:
Why would someone be grepping for "all video resolutions mentioned in the documentation"? That seems contrived to me.
-ed
On Mon, May 10, 2021 at 02:16:16PM +0100, Edward Cree wrote:
On 10/05/2021 12:55, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
The main point on this series is to replace just the occurrences where ASCII represents the symbol equally well
- U+2014 ('—'): EM DASH
Em dash is not the same thing as hyphen-minus, and the latter does not serve 'equally well'. People use em dashes because — even in monospace fonts — they make text easier to read and comprehend, when used correctly. I accept that some of the other distinctions — like en dashes — are needlessly pedantic (though I don't doubt there is someone out there who will gladly defend them with the same fervour with which I argue for the em dash) and I wouldn't take the trouble to use them myself; but I think there is a reasonable assumption that when someone goes to the effort of using a Unicode punctuation mark that is semantic (rather than merely typographical), they probably had a reason for doing so.
I think you're overestimating the amount of care and typographical knowledge that your average kernel developer has. Most of these UTF-8 characters come from latex conversions and really aren't necessary (and are being used incorrectly).
You seem quite knowedgeable about the various differences. Perhaps you'd be willing to write a document for Documentation/doc-guide/ that provides guidance for when to use which kinds of horizontal line? https://www.punctuationmatters.com/hyphen-dash-n-dash-and-m-dash/ talks about it in the context of publications, but I think we need something more suited to our needs for kernel documentation.
On 10/05/2021 14:59, Matthew Wilcox wrote:
Most of these UTF-8 characters come from latex conversions and really aren't necessary (and are being used incorrectly).
I fully agree with fixing those. The cover-letter, however, gave the impression that that was not the main purpose of this series; just, perhaps, a happy side-effect.
You seem quite knowedgeable about the various differences. Perhaps you'd be willing to write a document for Documentation/doc-guide/ that provides guidance for when to use which kinds of horizontal line?I have Opinions about the proper usage of punctuation, but I also know
that other people have differing opinions. For instance, I place spaces around an em dash, which is nonstandard according to most style guides. Really this is an individual enough thing that I'm not sure we could have a "kernel style guide" that would be more useful than general-purpose guidance like the page you linked. Moreover, such a guide could make non-native speakers needlessly self- conscious about their writing and discourage them from contributing documentation at all. I'm not advocating here for trying to push kernel developers towards an eats-shoots-and-leaves level of linguistic pedantry; rather, I merely think that existing correct usages should be left intact (and therefore, excising incorrect usage should only be attempted by someone with both the expertise and time to check each case).
But if you really want such a doc I wouldn't mind contributing to it.
-ed
Em Mon, 10 May 2021 15:33:47 +0100 Edward Cree ecree.xilinx@gmail.com escreveu:
On 10/05/2021 14:59, Matthew Wilcox wrote:
Most of these UTF-8 characters come from latex conversions and really aren't necessary (and are being used incorrectly).
I fully agree with fixing those. The cover-letter, however, gave the impression that that was not the main purpose of this series; just, perhaps, a happy side-effect.
Sorry for the mess. The main reason why I wrote this series is because there are lots of UTF-8 left-over chars from the ReST conversion. See: - https://lore.kernel.org/linux-doc/20210507100435.3095f924@coco.lan/
A large set of the UTF-8 letf-over chars were due to my conversion work, so I feel personally responsible to fix those ;-)
Yet, this series has two positive side effects:
- it helps people needing to touch the documents using non-utf8 locales[1]; - it makes easier to grep for a text;
[1] There are still some widely used distros nowadays (LTS ones?) that don't set UTF-8 as default. Last time I installed a Debian machine I had to explicitly set UTF-8 charset after install as the default were using ASCII encoding (can't remember if it was Debian 10 or an older version).
Unintentionally, I ended by giving emphasis to the non-utf8 instead of giving emphasis to the conversion left-overs.
FYI, this patch series originated from a discussion at linux-doc, reporting that Sphinx breaks when LANG is not set to utf-8[2]. That's why I probably ended giving the wrong emphasis at the cover letter.
[2] See https://lore.kernel.org/linux-doc/20210506103913.GE6564@kitsune.suse.cz/ for the original report. I strongly suspect that the VM set by Michal to build the docs was using a distro that doesn't set UTF-8 as default.
PS.: I intend to prepare afterwards a separate fix to avoid Sphinx logger to crash during Kernel doc builds when the locale charset is not UTF-8, but I'm not too fluent in python. So, I need some time to check if are there a way to just avoid python log crashes without touching Sphinx code and without needing to trick it to think that the machine's locale is UTF-8.
See: while there was just a single document originally stored at the Kernel tree as a LaTeX document during the time we did the conversion (cdrom-standard.tex), there are several other documents stored as text that seemed to be generated by some tool like LaTeX, whose the original version were not preserved.
Also, there were other documents using different markdown dialects that were converted via pandoc (and/or other similar tools). That's not to mention the ones that were converted from DocBook. Such tools tend to use some logic to use "neat" versions of some ASCII characters, like what this tool does:
https://daringfireball.net/projects/smartypants/
(Sphinx itself seemed to use this tool on its early versions)
All tool-converted documents can carry UTF-8 on unexpected places. See, on this series, a large amount of patches deal with U+A0 (NO-BREAK SPACE) chars. I can't see why someone writing a plain text document (or a ReST one) would type a NO-BREAK SPACE instead of a normal white space.
The same applies, up to some sort, to curly commas: usually people just write ASCII "commas" on their documents, and use some tool like LaTeX or a text editor like libreoffice in order to convert them into “utf-8 curly commas”[3].
[3] Sphinx will do such things at the produced output, doing something similar to what smartypants does, nowadays using this:
https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/user/smartquotes.html
E. g.: - Straight quotes (" and ') turned into "curly" quote characters; - dashes (-- and ---) turned into en- and em-dash entities; - three consecutive dots (... or . . .) turned into an ellipsis char.
You seem quite knowedgeable about the various differences. Perhaps you'd be willing to write a document for Documentation/doc-guide/ that provides guidance for when to use which kinds of horizontal line?
I have Opinions about the proper usage of punctuation, but I also know that other people have differing opinions. For instance, I place spaces around an em dash, which is nonstandard according to most style guides. Really this is an individual enough thing that I'm not sure we could have a "kernel style guide" that would be more useful than general-purpose guidance like the page you linked.
Moreover, such a guide could make non-native speakers needlessly self- conscious about their writing and discourage them from contributing documentation at all.
I don't think so. In a matter of fact, as a non-native speaker, I guess this can actually help people willing to write documents.
I'm not advocating here for trying to push kernel developers towards an eats-shoots-and-leaves level of linguistic pedantry; rather, I merely think that existing correct usages should be left intact (and therefore, excising incorrect usage should only be attempted by someone with both the expertise and time to check each case).
But if you really want such a doc I wouldn't mind contributing to it.
IMO, a document like that can be helpful. I can help reviewing it.
Thanks, Mauro
On Tue, 2021-05-11 at 11:00 +0200, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
Yet, this series has two positive side effects:
- it helps people needing to touch the documents using non-utf8 locales[1];
- it makes easier to grep for a text;
[1] There are still some widely used distros nowadays (LTS ones?) that don't set UTF-8 as default. Last time I installed a Debian machine I had to explicitly set UTF-8 charset after install as the default were using ASCII encoding (can't remember if it was Debian 10 or an older version).
This whole line of thinking is fundamentally wrong.
A given set of characters in a "text file" are encoded with a specific character set / encoding. To interpret that file and convert the bytes back to characters, we need to use the *same* charset.
That charset is a property of the text file, and each text file or piece of text in a system (like this email, which will contain a Content-Type: header indicating the charset) might be encoded with a *different* character set.
In the days before you could connect computers together — or before you could exchange data between computers in different countries, at least — perhaps it made sense to store 'text' files without explicitly noting their encoding. And to interpret them using some kind of "default" character set.
Those days are long gone. You're trying to work around an egregiously stupid bug, if you're trying to pander to "default" encodings. There *is* no default encoding that even makes sense, except perhaps UTF-8. To *speak* of them as you did shows a misunderstanding of how broken they are. It's *precisely* that kind of half-baked thinking which always used to lead to stupid assumptions and double conversions and Mojibake. Before we just standardised on UTF-8 everywhere and it stopped mattering so much.
Just don't.
Now, you *can* make this work if you really insist on it, even for systems with EBCDIC as their default encoding. Just make git do the "convert to local charset" on checkout, precisely the same way as it does CRLF for Windows systems. But it's stupid and anachronistic, so I don't really see the point.
On Mon, 2021-05-10 at 13:55 +0200, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
This patch series is doing conversion only when using ASCII makes more sense than using UTF-8.
See, a number of converted documents ended with weird characters like ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE (U+FEFF) character. This specific character doesn't do any good.
Others use NO-BREAK SPACE (U+A0) instead of 0x20. Harmless, until someone tries to use grep[1].
Replacing those makes sense. But replacing emdashes — which are a distinct character that has no direct replacement in ASCII and which people do *deliberately* use instead of hyphen-minus — does not.
Perhaps stick to those two, and any cases where an emdash or endash has been used where U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS *should* have been used.
And please fix your cover letter which made no reference to 'grep', and only presented a completely bogus argument for the change instead.
On Mon, May 10, 2021 at 02:49:44PM +0100, David Woodhouse wrote:
On Mon, 2021-05-10 at 13:55 +0200, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
This patch series is doing conversion only when using ASCII makes more sense than using UTF-8.
See, a number of converted documents ended with weird characters like ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE (U+FEFF) character. This specific character doesn't do any good.
Others use NO-BREAK SPACE (U+A0) instead of 0x20. Harmless, until someone tries to use grep[1].
Replacing those makes sense. But replacing emdashes — which are a distinct character that has no direct replacement in ASCII and which people do *deliberately* use instead of hyphen-minus — does not.
I regularly use --- for em-dashes and -- for en-dashes. Markdown will automatically translate 3 ASCII hypens to em-dashes, and 2 ASCII hyphens to en-dashes. It's much, much easier for me to type 2 or 3 hypens into my text editor of choice than trying to enter the UTF-8 characters. If we can make sphinx do this translation, maybe that's the best way of dealing with these two characters?
Cheers,
- Ted
Em Mon, 10 May 2021 15:22:02 -0400 "Theodore Ts'o" tytso@mit.edu escreveu:
On Mon, May 10, 2021 at 02:49:44PM +0100, David Woodhouse wrote:
On Mon, 2021-05-10 at 13:55 +0200, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
This patch series is doing conversion only when using ASCII makes more sense than using UTF-8.
See, a number of converted documents ended with weird characters like ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE (U+FEFF) character. This specific character doesn't do any good.
Others use NO-BREAK SPACE (U+A0) instead of 0x20. Harmless, until someone tries to use grep[1].
Replacing those makes sense. But replacing emdashes — which are a distinct character that has no direct replacement in ASCII and which people do *deliberately* use instead of hyphen-minus — does not.
I regularly use --- for em-dashes and -- for en-dashes. Markdown will automatically translate 3 ASCII hypens to em-dashes, and 2 ASCII hyphens to en-dashes. It's much, much easier for me to type 2 or 3 hypens into my text editor of choice than trying to enter the UTF-8 characters.
Yeah, typing those UTF-8 chars are a lot harder than typing -- and --- on several text editors ;-)
Here, I only type UTF-8 chars for accents (my US-layout keyboards are all set to US international, so typing those are easy).
If we can make sphinx do this translation, maybe that's the best way of dealing with these two characters?
Sphinx already does that by default[1], using smartquotes:
https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/user/smartquotes.html
Those are the conversions that are done there:
- Straight quotes (" and ') turned into "curly" quote characters; - dashes (-- and ---) turned into en- and em-dash entities; - three consecutive dots (... or . . .) turned into an ellipsis char.
So, we can simply use single/double commas, hyphens and dots for curly commas and ellipses.
[1] There's a way to disable it at conf.py, but at the Kernel this is kept on its default: to automatically do such conversions.
Thanks, Mauro
Em Mon, 10 May 2021 14:49:44 +0100 David Woodhouse dwmw2@infradead.org escreveu:
On Mon, 2021-05-10 at 13:55 +0200, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
This patch series is doing conversion only when using ASCII makes more sense than using UTF-8.
See, a number of converted documents ended with weird characters like ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE (U+FEFF) character. This specific character doesn't do any good.
Others use NO-BREAK SPACE (U+A0) instead of 0x20. Harmless, until someone tries to use grep[1].
Replacing those makes sense. But replacing emdashes — which are a distinct character that has no direct replacement in ASCII and which people do *deliberately* use instead of hyphen-minus — does not.
Perhaps stick to those two, and any cases where an emdash or endash has been used where U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS *should* have been used.
Ok. I'll rework the series excluding EM/EN DASH chars from it. I'll then apply manually the changes for EM/EN DASH chars (probably on a separate series) where it seems to fit. That should make easier to discuss such replacements.
And please fix your cover letter which made no reference to 'grep', and only presented a completely bogus argument for the change instead.
OK!
Regards, Mauro
On Mon, May 10, 2021 at 13:55:18 +0200, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
$ git grep "CPU 0 has been" Documentation/RCU/ Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.rst:| #. CPU 0 has been in dyntick-idle mode for quite some time. When it | Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.rst:| notices that CPU 0 has been in dyntick idle mode, which qualifies |
The kernel documentation uses hard line wraps, so such a naive grep is going to always fail unless such line wraps are taken into account. Not saying this isn't an improvement in and of itself, but smarter searching strategies are likely needed anyways.
--Ben
On Mon, May 10, 2021 at 12:26:12PM +0200, Mauro Carvalho Chehab wrote:
There are several UTF-8 characters at the Kernel's documentation.
[...]
Other UTF-8 characters were added along the time, but they're easily replaceable by ASCII chars.
As Linux developers are all around the globe, and not everybody has UTF-8 as their default charset
I'm not aware of a distribution that still allows selecting a non-UTF-8 charset in a normal flow in their installer. And if they haven't purged support for ancient encodings, that support is thoroughly bitrotten. Thus, I disagree that this is a legitimate concern.
What _could_ be a legitimate reason is that someone is on a _terminal_ that can't display a wide enough set of glyphs. Such terminals are: • Linux console (because of vgacon limitations; patchsets to improve other cons haven't been mainlined) • some Windows terminals (putty, old Windows console) that can't borrow glyphs from other fonts like fontconfig can
For the former, it's whatever your distribution ships in /usr/share/consolefonts/ or an equivalent, which is based on historic ISO-8859 and VT100 traditions.
For the latter, the near-guaranteed character set is WGL4.
Thus, at least two of your choices seem to disagree with the above: [dropped]
0xd7 => 'x', # MULTIPLICATION SIGN
[retained]
- U+2b0d ('⬍'): UP DOWN BLACK ARROW
× is present in ISO-8859, V100, WGL4; I've found no font in /usr/share/consolefonts/ on my Debian unstable box that lacks this character.
⬍ is not found in any of the above. You might want to at least convert it to ↕ which is at least present in WGL4, and thus likely to be supported in fonts heeding Windows/Mac/OpenType recommendations. That still won't make it work on VT.
Meow!
participants (8)
-
Adam Borowski -
Ben Boeckel -
David Woodhouse -
Edward Cree -
Matthew Wilcox -
Mauro Carvalho Chehab -
Theodore Ts'o -
Thorsten Leemhuis