[PATCH v2 0/4] Minor SoundWire clean ups
Just some minor tidy ups and preparation for starting to upstream some Cirrus SoundWire devices. The first three patches are pretty trivial, the last patch which moves the remaining core over to using the no_pm functions could probably use some careful review.
Changes since v1: - Update commit message on the debugfs to more explicitly mention the PM runtime reference, rather than implying the PM would turn on/off each time. - Added some reviewed by's
Thanks, Charles
Charles Keepax (3): soundwire: Provide build stubs for common functions soundwire: debugfs: Switch to sdw_read_no_pm soundwire: stream: Move remaining register accesses over to no_pm
Simon Trimmer (1): soundwire: bus: export sdw_nwrite_no_pm and sdw_nread_no_pm functions
drivers/soundwire/bus.c | 10 ++-- drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c | 11 +++- drivers/soundwire/stream.c | 30 +++++------ include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 4 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)
From: Simon Trimmer simont@opensource.cirrus.com
The commit 167790abb90f ("soundwire: export sdw_write/read_no_pm functions") exposed the single byte no_pm versions of the IO functions that can be used without touching PM, export the multi byte no_pm versions for the same reason.
Signed-off-by: Simon Trimmer simont@opensource.cirrus.com Signed-off-by: Charles Keepax ckeepax@opensource.cirrus.com ---
No change since v1.
drivers/soundwire/bus.c | 8 ++++---- include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h | 2 ++ 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/soundwire/bus.c b/drivers/soundwire/bus.c index 76515c33e639e..ef4878258afad 100644 --- a/drivers/soundwire/bus.c +++ b/drivers/soundwire/bus.c @@ -414,8 +414,7 @@ int sdw_fill_msg(struct sdw_msg *msg, struct sdw_slave *slave, * all clients need to use the pm versions */
-static int -sdw_nread_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val) +int sdw_nread_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val) { struct sdw_msg msg; int ret; @@ -430,9 +429,9 @@ sdw_nread_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val) ret = 0; return ret; } +EXPORT_SYMBOL(sdw_nread_no_pm);
-static int -sdw_nwrite_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val) +int sdw_nwrite_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val) { struct sdw_msg msg; int ret; @@ -447,6 +446,7 @@ sdw_nwrite_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val) ret = 0; return ret; } +EXPORT_SYMBOL(sdw_nwrite_no_pm);
int sdw_write_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 value) { diff --git a/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h b/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h index 9e4537f409c29..902ed46f76c80 100644 --- a/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h +++ b/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h @@ -1047,7 +1047,9 @@ int sdw_write(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 value); int sdw_write_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 value); int sdw_read_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr); int sdw_nread(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val); +int sdw_nread_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val); int sdw_nwrite(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val); +int sdw_nwrite_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val); int sdw_update(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 mask, u8 val); int sdw_update_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 mask, u8 val);
On 11/17/22 08:17, Charles Keepax wrote:
From: Simon Trimmer simont@opensource.cirrus.com
The commit 167790abb90f ("soundwire: export sdw_write/read_no_pm functions") exposed the single byte no_pm versions of the IO functions that can be used without touching PM, export the multi byte no_pm versions for the same reason.
Signed-off-by: Simon Trimmer simont@opensource.cirrus.com Signed-off-by: Charles Keepax ckeepax@opensource.cirrus.com
Reviewed-by: Pierre-Louis Bossart pierre-louis.bossart@linux.intel.com
No change since v1.
drivers/soundwire/bus.c | 8 ++++---- include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h | 2 ++ 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/soundwire/bus.c b/drivers/soundwire/bus.c index 76515c33e639e..ef4878258afad 100644 --- a/drivers/soundwire/bus.c +++ b/drivers/soundwire/bus.c @@ -414,8 +414,7 @@ int sdw_fill_msg(struct sdw_msg *msg, struct sdw_slave *slave,
- all clients need to use the pm versions
*/
-static int -sdw_nread_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val) +int sdw_nread_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val) { struct sdw_msg msg; int ret; @@ -430,9 +429,9 @@ sdw_nread_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val) ret = 0; return ret; } +EXPORT_SYMBOL(sdw_nread_no_pm);
-static int -sdw_nwrite_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val) +int sdw_nwrite_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val) { struct sdw_msg msg; int ret; @@ -447,6 +446,7 @@ sdw_nwrite_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val) ret = 0; return ret; } +EXPORT_SYMBOL(sdw_nwrite_no_pm);
int sdw_write_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 value) { diff --git a/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h b/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h index 9e4537f409c29..902ed46f76c80 100644 --- a/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h +++ b/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h @@ -1047,7 +1047,9 @@ int sdw_write(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 value); int sdw_write_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 value); int sdw_read_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr); int sdw_nread(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val); +int sdw_nread_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val); int sdw_nwrite(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val); +int sdw_nwrite_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val); int sdw_update(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 mask, u8 val); int sdw_update_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 mask, u8 val);
Provide stub functions when CONFIG_SOUNDWIRE is not set for functions that are quite likely to be used from common code on devices supporting multiple control buses.
Reviewed-by: Pierre-Louis Bossart pierre-louis.bossart@linux.intel.com Signed-off-by: Charles Keepax ckeepax@opensource.cirrus.com ---
Changes since v1: - Added Pierre's reviewed-by.
include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h | 92 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h b/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h index 902ed46f76c80..4f80cba898f11 100644 --- a/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h +++ b/include/linux/soundwire/sdw.h @@ -1021,15 +1021,8 @@ int sdw_stream_add_master(struct sdw_bus *bus, struct sdw_port_config *port_config, unsigned int num_ports, struct sdw_stream_runtime *stream); -int sdw_stream_add_slave(struct sdw_slave *slave, - struct sdw_stream_config *stream_config, - struct sdw_port_config *port_config, - unsigned int num_ports, - struct sdw_stream_runtime *stream); int sdw_stream_remove_master(struct sdw_bus *bus, struct sdw_stream_runtime *stream); -int sdw_stream_remove_slave(struct sdw_slave *slave, - struct sdw_stream_runtime *stream); int sdw_startup_stream(void *sdw_substream); int sdw_prepare_stream(struct sdw_stream_runtime *stream); int sdw_enable_stream(struct sdw_stream_runtime *stream); @@ -1040,8 +1033,20 @@ int sdw_bus_prep_clk_stop(struct sdw_bus *bus); int sdw_bus_clk_stop(struct sdw_bus *bus); int sdw_bus_exit_clk_stop(struct sdw_bus *bus);
-/* messaging and data APIs */ +int sdw_compare_devid(struct sdw_slave *slave, struct sdw_slave_id id); +void sdw_extract_slave_id(struct sdw_bus *bus, u64 addr, struct sdw_slave_id *id); + +#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SOUNDWIRE)
+int sdw_stream_add_slave(struct sdw_slave *slave, + struct sdw_stream_config *stream_config, + struct sdw_port_config *port_config, + unsigned int num_ports, + struct sdw_stream_runtime *stream); +int sdw_stream_remove_slave(struct sdw_slave *slave, + struct sdw_stream_runtime *stream); + +/* messaging and data APIs */ int sdw_read(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr); int sdw_write(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 value); int sdw_write_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 value); @@ -1053,7 +1058,74 @@ int sdw_nwrite_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 * int sdw_update(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 mask, u8 val); int sdw_update_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 mask, u8 val);
-int sdw_compare_devid(struct sdw_slave *slave, struct sdw_slave_id id); -void sdw_extract_slave_id(struct sdw_bus *bus, u64 addr, struct sdw_slave_id *id); +#else + +static inline int sdw_stream_add_slave(struct sdw_slave *slave, + struct sdw_stream_config *stream_config, + struct sdw_port_config *port_config, + unsigned int num_ports, + struct sdw_stream_runtime *stream) +{ + return 0; +} + +static inline int sdw_stream_remove_slave(struct sdw_slave *slave, + struct sdw_stream_runtime *stream) +{ + return 0; +} + +/* messaging and data APIs */ +static inline int sdw_read(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr) +{ + return 0; +} + +static inline int sdw_write(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 value) +{ + return 0; +} + +static inline int sdw_write_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 value) +{ + return 0; +} + +static inline int sdw_read_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr) +{ + return 0; +} + +static inline int sdw_nread(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val) +{ + return 0; +} + +static inline int sdw_nread_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, u8 *val) +{ + return 0; +} + +static inline int sdw_nwrite(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val) +{ + return 0; +} + +static inline int sdw_nwrite_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, size_t count, const u8 *val) +{ + return 0; +} + +static inline int sdw_update(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 mask, u8 val) +{ + return 0; +} + +static inline int sdw_update_no_pm(struct sdw_slave *slave, u32 addr, u8 mask, u8 val) +{ + return 0; +} + +#endif /* CONFIG_SOUNDWIRE */
#endif /* __SOUNDWIRE_H */
It is rather inefficient to be constantly playing with the runtime PM reference for each individual register, switch to holding a PM runtime reference across the whole register output.
Signed-off-by: Charles Keepax ckeepax@opensource.cirrus.com ---
Changes since v1: - Reworded commit message
drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c | 11 ++++++++++- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c b/drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c index 49900cd207bc7..0718e9cda138a 100644 --- a/drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c +++ b/drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ #include <linux/device.h> #include <linux/debugfs.h> #include <linux/mod_devicetable.h> +#include <linux/pm_runtime.h> #include <linux/slab.h> #include <linux/soundwire/sdw.h> #include <linux/soundwire/sdw_registers.h> @@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ static ssize_t sdw_sprintf(struct sdw_slave *slave, { int value;
- value = sdw_read(slave, reg); + value = sdw_read_no_pm(slave, reg);
if (value < 0) return scnprintf(buf + pos, RD_BUF - pos, "%3x\tXX\n", reg); @@ -55,6 +56,10 @@ static int sdw_slave_reg_show(struct seq_file *s_file, void *data) if (!buf) return -ENOMEM;
+ ret = pm_runtime_resume_and_get(&slave->dev); + if (ret < 0 && ret != -EACCES) + return ret; + ret = scnprintf(buf, RD_BUF, "Register Value\n");
/* DP0 non-banked registers */ @@ -112,6 +117,10 @@ static int sdw_slave_reg_show(struct seq_file *s_file, void *data) }
seq_printf(s_file, "%s", buf); + + pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(&slave->dev); + pm_runtime_put(&slave->dev); + kfree(buf);
return 0;
On 11/17/22 08:17, Charles Keepax wrote:
It is rather inefficient to be constantly playing with the runtime PM reference for each individual register, switch to holding a PM runtime reference across the whole register output.
Signed-off-by: Charles Keepax ckeepax@opensource.cirrus.com
Reviewed-by: Pierre-Louis Bossart pierre-louis.bossart@linux.intel.com
Changes since v1:
- Reworded commit message
drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c | 11 ++++++++++- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c b/drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c index 49900cd207bc7..0718e9cda138a 100644 --- a/drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c +++ b/drivers/soundwire/debugfs.c @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ #include <linux/device.h> #include <linux/debugfs.h> #include <linux/mod_devicetable.h> +#include <linux/pm_runtime.h> #include <linux/slab.h> #include <linux/soundwire/sdw.h> #include <linux/soundwire/sdw_registers.h> @@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ static ssize_t sdw_sprintf(struct sdw_slave *slave, { int value;
- value = sdw_read(slave, reg);
value = sdw_read_no_pm(slave, reg);
if (value < 0) return scnprintf(buf + pos, RD_BUF - pos, "%3x\tXX\n", reg);
@@ -55,6 +56,10 @@ static int sdw_slave_reg_show(struct seq_file *s_file, void *data) if (!buf) return -ENOMEM;
ret = pm_runtime_resume_and_get(&slave->dev);
if (ret < 0 && ret != -EACCES)
return ret;ret = scnprintf(buf, RD_BUF, "Register Value\n");
/* DP0 non-banked registers */
@@ -112,6 +117,10 @@ static int sdw_slave_reg_show(struct seq_file *s_file, void *data) }
seq_printf(s_file, "%s", buf);
pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(&slave->dev);
pm_runtime_put(&slave->dev);
kfree(buf);
return 0;
There is no need to play with the runtime reference everytime a register is accessed. All the remaining "pm" style register accesses trace back to 4 functions:
sdw_prepare_stream sdw_deprepare_stream sdw_enable_stream sdw_disable_stream
Any sensible implementation will need to hold a runtime reference across all those functions, it makes no sense to be allowing the device/bus to suspend whilst streams are being prepared/enabled. And certainly in the case of the all existing users, they all call these functions from hw_params/prepare/trigger/hw_free callbacks in ALSA, which will have already runtime resumed all the audio devices associated during the open callback.
Reviewed-by: Pierre-Louis Bossart pierre-louis.bossart@linux.intel.com Signed-off-by: Charles Keepax ckeepax@opensource.cirrus.com ---
Changes since v1: - Added Pierre's reviewed-by.
drivers/soundwire/bus.c | 2 +- drivers/soundwire/stream.c | 30 +++++++++++++++--------------- 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/soundwire/bus.c b/drivers/soundwire/bus.c index ef4878258afad..d87a188fcce1e 100644 --- a/drivers/soundwire/bus.c +++ b/drivers/soundwire/bus.c @@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@ int sdw_configure_dpn_intr(struct sdw_slave *slave, val &= ~SDW_DPN_INT_PORT_READY; }
- ret = sdw_update(slave, addr, (mask | SDW_DPN_INT_PORT_READY), val); + ret = sdw_update_no_pm(slave, addr, (mask | SDW_DPN_INT_PORT_READY), val); if (ret < 0) dev_err(&slave->dev, "SDW_DPN_INTMASK write failed:%d\n", val); diff --git a/drivers/soundwire/stream.c b/drivers/soundwire/stream.c index bd502368339e5..df3b36670df4c 100644 --- a/drivers/soundwire/stream.c +++ b/drivers/soundwire/stream.c @@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ static int _sdw_program_slave_port_params(struct sdw_bus *bus, }
/* Program DPN_OffsetCtrl2 registers */ - ret = sdw_write(slave, addr1, t_params->offset2); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(slave, addr1, t_params->offset2); if (ret < 0) { dev_err(bus->dev, "DPN_OffsetCtrl2 register write failed\n"); return ret; }
/* Program DPN_BlockCtrl3 register */ - ret = sdw_write(slave, addr2, t_params->blk_pkg_mode); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(slave, addr2, t_params->blk_pkg_mode); if (ret < 0) { dev_err(bus->dev, "DPN_BlockCtrl3 register write failed\n"); return ret; @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ static int _sdw_program_slave_port_params(struct sdw_bus *bus, /* Program DPN_SampleCtrl2 register */ wbuf = FIELD_GET(SDW_DPN_SAMPLECTRL_HIGH, t_params->sample_interval - 1);
- ret = sdw_write(slave, addr3, wbuf); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(slave, addr3, wbuf); if (ret < 0) { dev_err(bus->dev, "DPN_SampleCtrl2 register write failed\n"); return ret; @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ static int _sdw_program_slave_port_params(struct sdw_bus *bus, wbuf = FIELD_PREP(SDW_DPN_HCTRL_HSTART, t_params->hstart); wbuf |= FIELD_PREP(SDW_DPN_HCTRL_HSTOP, t_params->hstop);
- ret = sdw_write(slave, addr4, wbuf); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(slave, addr4, wbuf); if (ret < 0) dev_err(bus->dev, "DPN_HCtrl register write failed\n");
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ static int sdw_program_slave_port_params(struct sdw_bus *bus, wbuf = FIELD_PREP(SDW_DPN_PORTCTRL_DATAMODE, p_params->data_mode); wbuf |= FIELD_PREP(SDW_DPN_PORTCTRL_FLOWMODE, p_params->flow_mode);
- ret = sdw_update(s_rt->slave, addr1, 0xF, wbuf); + ret = sdw_update_no_pm(s_rt->slave, addr1, 0xF, wbuf); if (ret < 0) { dev_err(&s_rt->slave->dev, "DPN_PortCtrl register write failed for port %d\n", @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ static int sdw_program_slave_port_params(struct sdw_bus *bus,
if (!dpn_prop->read_only_wordlength) { /* Program DPN_BlockCtrl1 register */ - ret = sdw_write(s_rt->slave, addr2, (p_params->bps - 1)); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(s_rt->slave, addr2, (p_params->bps - 1)); if (ret < 0) { dev_err(&s_rt->slave->dev, "DPN_BlockCtrl1 register write failed for port %d\n", @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ static int sdw_program_slave_port_params(struct sdw_bus *bus,
/* Program DPN_SampleCtrl1 register */ wbuf = (t_params->sample_interval - 1) & SDW_DPN_SAMPLECTRL_LOW; - ret = sdw_write(s_rt->slave, addr3, wbuf); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(s_rt->slave, addr3, wbuf); if (ret < 0) { dev_err(&s_rt->slave->dev, "DPN_SampleCtrl1 register write failed for port %d\n", @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ static int sdw_program_slave_port_params(struct sdw_bus *bus, }
/* Program DPN_OffsetCtrl1 registers */ - ret = sdw_write(s_rt->slave, addr4, t_params->offset1); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(s_rt->slave, addr4, t_params->offset1); if (ret < 0) { dev_err(&s_rt->slave->dev, "DPN_OffsetCtrl1 register write failed for port %d\n", @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ static int sdw_program_slave_port_params(struct sdw_bus *bus,
/* Program DPN_BlockCtrl2 register*/ if (t_params->blk_grp_ctrl_valid) { - ret = sdw_write(s_rt->slave, addr5, t_params->blk_grp_ctrl); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(s_rt->slave, addr5, t_params->blk_grp_ctrl); if (ret < 0) { dev_err(&s_rt->slave->dev, "DPN_BlockCtrl2 reg write failed for port %d\n", @@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ static int sdw_program_slave_port_params(struct sdw_bus *bus,
/* program DPN_LaneCtrl register */ if (slave_prop->lane_control_support) { - ret = sdw_write(s_rt->slave, addr6, t_params->lane_ctrl); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(s_rt->slave, addr6, t_params->lane_ctrl); if (ret < 0) { dev_err(&s_rt->slave->dev, "DPN_LaneCtrl register write failed for port %d\n", @@ -319,9 +319,9 @@ static int sdw_enable_disable_slave_ports(struct sdw_bus *bus, * it is safe to reset this register */ if (en) - ret = sdw_write(s_rt->slave, addr, p_rt->ch_mask); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(s_rt->slave, addr, p_rt->ch_mask); else - ret = sdw_write(s_rt->slave, addr, 0x0); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(s_rt->slave, addr, 0x0);
if (ret < 0) dev_err(&s_rt->slave->dev, @@ -476,9 +476,9 @@ static int sdw_prep_deprep_slave_ports(struct sdw_bus *bus, addr = SDW_DPN_PREPARECTRL(p_rt->num);
if (prep) - ret = sdw_write(s_rt->slave, addr, p_rt->ch_mask); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(s_rt->slave, addr, p_rt->ch_mask); else - ret = sdw_write(s_rt->slave, addr, 0x0); + ret = sdw_write_no_pm(s_rt->slave, addr, 0x0);
if (ret < 0) { dev_err(&s_rt->slave->dev, @@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ static int sdw_prep_deprep_slave_ports(struct sdw_bus *bus, wait_for_completion_timeout(port_ready, msecs_to_jiffies(dpn_prop->ch_prep_timeout));
- val = sdw_read(s_rt->slave, SDW_DPN_PREPARESTATUS(p_rt->num)); + val = sdw_read_no_pm(s_rt->slave, SDW_DPN_PREPARESTATUS(p_rt->num)); if ((val < 0) || (val & p_rt->ch_mask)) { ret = (val < 0) ? val : -ETIMEDOUT; dev_err(&s_rt->slave->dev,
participants (2)
-
Charles Keepax -
Pierre-Louis Bossart